agriculture essay in odia

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Odia Essay on "Indian Agriculture", "ଭାରତୀୟ କୃଷି ଓ କୃଷକ ରଚନା" for Student

Essay on Indian Agriculture in Odia Language : In this article " ଭାରତୀୟ କୃଷି ଓ କୃଷକ ରଚନା ", " Bhartiya krishi Essay in Odia ...

Essay on Indian Agriculture in Odia Language : In this article " ଭାରତୀୟ କୃଷି ଓ କୃଷକ ରଚନା ", " Bhartiya krishi Essay in Odia for students of class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

Odia Essay on " Indian Agriculture ", " ଭାରତୀୟ କୃଷି ଓ କୃଷକ ରଚନା " for Student

ଅନୁରୂପ ପ୍ରବନ୍ଧ : (୧) ଓଡ଼ିଶାର କୃଷି ଓ କୃଷକ

(୨) ଅଧୁକ ଶସ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ,

(୩) ସବୁଜ ବିପ୍ଲବ ।

ସୂଚନା : ଗ୍ରାମବହୁଳ, କୃଷି ସମ୍ବଳ ଭାରତୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ କୃଷି ହିଁ ହେଉଛି ଆମର ଜୀବନ ଜୀବିକାର ପ୍ରଧାନ ଅବଲମ୍ବନ । କୃଷକ ହେଉଛି ଏ ଦେଶର ୧୩୪ କୋଟି ଜନତାର ଅନ୍ନଦାତା । ଚିଶ୍ୱର ସମସ୍ତ ବୈଭବ, ଉଭୁଙ୍ଗ ପ୍ରାସାଦ ସମୂହ ଓ ବିଳାସବ୍ୟସନ ସବୁକିଛି ସେହି କୃଷକର ସ୍କନ୍ଧ ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ । ଅତୀତ ଭାରତର ବୈଭବର ପ୍ରାଚୁର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଦିନେ ସମଗ୍ର ବିଶ୍ୱକୁ ପ୍ରଲୁବ୍ଧ କରିଥିଲା ଏବଂ ସେହି କାରଣରୁ ଧନଲିପ୍ସୁ ବୈଦେଶିକମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆମେ ଅଜ୍ଞାତରେ ଏ ମାଟିକୁ ଆମନ୍ତ୍ରିତ କରି ଆଣିଥିଲୁ । ସେ ଦିନ ଭାରତର ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବୈଭବର ଦୀପ୍ତି, ଶସ୍ୟଭରା ସ୍ଵର୍ଣ କେଦାରରେ ଆନନ୍ଦର କଳରୋଳ ଓ କ୍ରାନ୍ତିବିସ୍କୃତ କୃଷକ ମୁଖରେ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣତାର ସଙ୍କେତ ଏବେ ପ୍ଲାନ ହୋଇଯାଇଛି । ସର୍ବତ୍ର ଆଜି ଅଭାବର ତାଡ଼ନା ଓ ସର୍ବତ୍ର ଆଜି ଅନ୍ଧାଭାବର ଲଜ୍ଜାହୀନ ଚିତ୍କାର -। ଏହି ଶୋଚନୀୟ ଦୁର୍ଗତି ନିମନ୍ତେ ଦେଶର ବହୁବିଧ କାରଣ ଦାୟୀ ।

କୃଷକର ଦୁରବସ୍ଥାର କାରଣ :

(୧) କର୍ଷଣୋପଯୋଗୀ ଜମିର ପରିମାଣ ସୀମିତ ଥିବା ସ୍ଥଳେ ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟା ଏବେ \ ଆଶାତୀତ ଭାବରେ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଉଛି । ଫଳତଃ କ୍ରମବର୍ଦ୍ଧିତ ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଚାହିଦା ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କରାଯାଇ ପାରୁ ନଥିବାରୁ ଅଭାବର ତାଡ଼ନା ବଶତଃ ଆମକୁ ଗଭୀର ମନୋବେଦନାରେ କାଳାତିପାତ କରିବାକୁ ହେଉଛି । (୨) ଜମିର ଉତ୍ପାଦିକା ଶକ୍ତି (fertility) କୁ ବଜାୟ ରଖୁବାକୁ ହେଲେ ଉତ୍ତମ କର୍ଷଣ ଓ ଆବଶ୍ୟକତାନୁଯାୟୀ ସାରର ଉପଯୋଗ ନିତାନ୍ତ ପ୍ରୟୋଜନ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଆଜି କୃଷକର ଦୁର୍ବଳ ସ୍କନ୍ଧ ଉପରେ ବିପୁଳ କରଭାର । ଓ ନାନା ପ୍ରକାର ସାମାଜିକ ଦାବିକୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟାନ କରି ନ ପାରି ସେ ରଣଜର୍ଜର । ତେଣୁ ଉନ୍ନତ କୃଷି ପଦ୍ଧତି, ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଚାଷୋପକରଣ ଇତ୍ୟାଦିକୁ ବିନିଯୋଗ କରିବାକୁ ସେ ସମ୍ବଳଶୁନ୍ୟ । (୩) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାପ୍ତ ଜଳସେଚନର ସୁବିଧା ଅଭାବରୁ ତାକୁ ବର୍ଷସାରା ଆକାଶର ମେଘଖଣ୍ଡକୁ ଚାହିଁ ରହିବାକୁ ହୁଏ । ସୁତରାଂ, ଗତାନୁଗତିକ ଧାରାରେ ଜୀର୍ଣ କାଷ୍ଠ ଲଙ୍ଗଳ ସହିତ ଅସ୍ଥିକଙ୍କାଳସାର ହଡ଼ାବଳଦଙ୍କୁ ଯୋଚି ରୌଦ୍ରତାପକ୍ଲିଷ୍ଟ ବୈଶାଖ ଆକାଶ ତଳେ ଭାରତୀୟ କୃଷକ ଆହାର ମୁଠିଏ ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଯେଉଁ କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରେ, ତାହା ଦେଖିଲେ ମନରେ ଦୟା ଆସେ । (୪) ଭାରତର ପ୍ରାୟ ନବେ ଭାଗ ଲୋକ ସୁଦ୍ରର ଗ୍ରାମାଞ୍ଚଳରେ ବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଅଶିକ୍ଷା ଓ ଅନଭିଜ୍ଞତା କେତେକାଂଶରେ ଉନ୍ନତିର ପ୍ରତିବନ୍ଧକ ଅଟେ ।(୫) ଦୁର୍ଜନ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଶକ୍ତି ଅନୁଯାୟୀ କିଛି କିଛି ସଞ୍ଚୟ କରିବା ଆମର କୃଷକକୁଳର ଯେପରି ପ୍ରକୃତି ବିରୁଦ୍ଧ । ଆୟ ଅପେକ୍ଷା ଅଧିକ ବ୍ୟୟ କରି ବିବାହ, ବ୍ରତ, ଭୋଜିଭାତ, ଆମୋଦପ୍ରମୋଦ ଓ ସାମୟିକ ଆନନ୍ଦୋତ୍ସବ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବିହ୍ବଳ ହେବା ଏବଂ ଏଥିପାଇଁ ନିଜର ରଣଭାର ଓ ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟକୁ ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିବା ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଏକ ପ୍ରବୃଭିରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଛି । (୬) ଅତୀତରେ କୃଷିର ସହାୟକ ବୃରିରୂପେ ନାନା ପ୍ରକାର କୁଟୀର ଶିଳ୍ପର ପ୍ରଚଳନ ଯୋଗୁଁ କେବଳ ମୃତ୍ତିକା ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳତା କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀଭୂତ ନ ଥିଲା । ଆଜି କିନ୍ତୁ ଯାନ୍ଧିକ ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା ଯୋଗୁଁ କୁଟୀର ଶିଳ୍ପ ପରାଭୂତ । ତେଣୁ ଅଗଣିତ ଶିଶୁ ସନ୍ତାନର କ୍ଷୁଧା ନିବାରଣ ପାଇଁ ମାତା ବସୁମତୀଠାରେ ସ୍ତନ୍ୟର ପ୍ରାଚୁର୍ଯ୍ୟ ନାହିଁ । (୭) ଆଜି ଆମେ ସହର ସଭ୍ୟତାର ଚାକଚକ୍ୟରେ ଭୁଲି ମାଟିକୁ କରିଛୁ ଅବଜ୍ଞା ଓ ଅବହେଳିତ, ପୁଣି ଯୋଜନାର ତୁଟିଯୋଗୁଁ କୃଷି ଉପରେ ଆଶାନୁରୂପ ପ୍ରାଧାନ୍ୟ ଦିଆଯାଇ ପାରି ନଥିବାରୁ ସବୁଜ କେଦାର ଆଜି ମଳିନ ଓ ଜ୍ୟୋତିହୀନ । (୮) ଦେଶରୁ ଜମିଦାରୀ ଉଚ୍ଛେଦ କରାଯାଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିବିଶେଷଙ୍କ ହାତରେ ଶହ ଶହ ଏକର ଜମି ଠୁଳ ହୋଇରହିଛି । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅନାବାଦୀ ଆକାରରେ ପଡ଼ି ରହିଛି କିମ୍ବା ଭୂମିହୀନ ଗରିବ ଚାଷୀମାନେ ଭାଗଚାଷ ସୂତ୍ରରେ ଏହାକୁ ଆବାଦ କରୁଛନ୍ତି । ତେଣୁ ଜମିର ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ତର୍ ନିଆଯାଇ ପାରୁନାହିଁ କିମ୍ବା ସେଥିରୁ । ଏକାଧୁକ ଫସଲ ଅମଳ କରିବାର ପ୍ରୟାସ ଦେଖାଯାଉ ନାହିଁ । ଫଳରେ କୃଷି ଓ କୃଷକ ଉଭୟେ ଅବହେଳିତ ଏବଂ ସମସ୍ୟା ଅସମାହିତ । ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସମୟରେ ସରକାର ଏ ଦିଗରେ କିଛି କିଛି ଉଦ୍ୟମ କରିଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ତାହା ଆଶାନୁରୂପ ଫଳ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିପାରି ନାହିଁ ।

କୃଷି ହେଉଛି ଆମର ଜୀବନର ଉତ୍ସ ଏବଂ କୃଷକ ହେଉଛି ଜାତିର ମେରୁଦଣ୍ଡ । ଋଷ ଓ ମାର୍ଜିନ୍ ଆମେରିକା ଭଳି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆଜି ପୃଥିବୀର ସର୍ବଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ଶକ୍ତିରୂପେ ଯେଉଁ ଆମ୍ବଗର୍ବରେ ଉତ୍‌ଫୁଲ୍ଲ ହୋଇ ପଡ଼ିଛନ୍ତି, ତାହା ମୂଳରେ ଉନ୍ନତ କୃଷି ଓ ଖାଦ୍ୟଶସ୍ୟରେ ସ୍ବାବଲମ୍ବନଶୀଳତା ଗୋଟିଏ ପ୍ରଧାନ କାରଣ ବୋଲି ବିଚାର କରିବାକୁ ହେବ । ଋଷର ଇଉକ୍ରେନ୍ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଓ ଆମେରିକାର ଆର୍ଜେଣ୍ଟିନା ଓ ପ୍ରେରୀ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ପୃଥିବୀର ଶସ୍ୟଭଣ୍ଡାର ରୂପେ ପରିଚିତ; ମାତ୍ର ଯେ ଦେଶର ମାଟିରୁ ସହଜ ଶ୍ରମ ଓ ସ୍ଵ ଆୟାସରେ ଏକଦା ସ୍ଵର୍ଣ ଆମଦାନି କରାଯାଉଥିଲା ସେହି ଭାରତରେ ଆଜି ଅନ୍ନର ଅଭାବ ଏକ ବିଡ଼ମ୍ବନା ଅଟେ ।

ପ୍ରତିକାର ପନ୍ଥା : ଭାରତର କୃଷି ଓ କୃଷକକୁ ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶା ମୁକ୍ତ କରିବାକୁ ହେଲେ ସରକାରଙ୍କର ଆନ୍ତରିକ ଉଦ୍ୟମ ଓ ନିଷ୍ଠା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ଓ ବୃହତ୍ ଜଳସେଚନ ଯୋଜନା ଜରିଆରେ ଚାଷଜମିକୁ ବର୍ଷସାରା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାପ୍ତ ପରିମାଣରେ ଜଳଯୋଗାଣ, ଉନ୍ନତ ବିହନ ଓ ସାରର ସୁବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା, ଆଧୁନିକ କୃଷି ଉପକରଣର ଉପଯୋଗ, ଗ୍ରାମାଞ୍ଚଳର ବିକାଶ ଦିଗରେ ଯୋଜନାରେ ଅଧୁକ ଅର୍ଥ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ସବୁଠାରୁ ଗୁରୁତ୍ବପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ । ଉନ୍ନୟନମୂଳକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ନାମରେ ଚାଷଜମିକୁ ନଷ୍ଟକରି ସେଠାରେ କଳକାରଖାନା, ସରକାରୀ ଅଫିସ ଓ ଗୋଦାମ ଘର ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ନିର୍ମାଣ କରାଯିବା ଦ୍ଵାରା ଆବାଦଯୋଗ୍ୟ ଜମିର ପରିମାଣ ହ୍ରାସ ପାଉଛି । ଅପରପକ୍ଷରେ ଅନାବାଦୀ ଓ ଗୋଚର ତାଡ଼ି, ଜଙ୍ଗଲ କାଟି, ପତିତ ଜମିକୁ ଉଦ୍ଧାର କରି ଯେତିକି ଅଧୁକ ଚାଷଜମି ବାହାର କରାଯାଉଛି, ତା’ ତୁଳନାରେ ଅଧୁକ ଜମି ଅଣଉତ୍ପାଦନକାରୀ (Unproductive) କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ଚାଲିଯାଉଛି ।

ଚାଷପ୍ରତି କ୍ରମେ ଶିକ୍ଷିତ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର ଯେଭଳି ଅନାଗ୍ରହ ପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଉଛି, ସେଥିପାଇଁ ଚକବନ୍ଦି ଜରିଆରେ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ଜମିଖଣ୍ଡକୁ ଭାଙ୍ଗି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବୃହତ ଖଣ୍ଡରେ ପରିଣତ କରି ସମବାୟ ଭିତିରେ ମିଳିତ ଚାଷ କରାଗଲେ ଅଧ୍ବକ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ । ତାଦ୍ଵାରା ଆଧୁନିକ କୃଷି ଉପକରଣ ଓ ଉନ୍ନତ କୃଷିଯନ୍ତ୍ରପାତିର ଉପଯୋଗ ସହଜ ହୋଇପାରିବ ।

ଖାଦ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ୟାର ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ପ୍ରଧାନ ଦିଗ ହେଉଛି ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଆଶାତୀତ ବୃଦ୍ଧି । ୨୦୧୧ର ଜନଗଣନା ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଭାରତର ଲୋକସଂଖ୍ୟା ୧୨୧ କୋଟିକୁ ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରି ସାରିଲାଣି । ଏହି କ୍ରମବର୍ଦ୍ଧିତ ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଯୋଗାଇବା କ୍ରମେ ଏକ ଦୁଷ୍କର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହୋଇପଡୁଛି । ସେଥିପାଇଁ ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟା ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣକୁ ଯୋଜନାରେ ଅଧୁକ ଗୁରୁତ୍ବ ଦିଆଯିବା ଉଚିତ୍ ।

ସରକାରୀ ଯୋଜନା : ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତାର ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ କାଳରେ ପଞ୍ଚବାର୍ଷିକ ଯୋଜନାମାନଙ୍କରେ କୃଷି ଉପରେ ବରାବର ପ୍ରାଧାନ୍ୟ ଦିଆହୋଇ ଆସିଛି । ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ପରିମାଣର ରାସାୟନିକ ସାର ଯୋଗାଣ ନିମନ୍ତେ ବିହାରର ସିନ୍ଦୁ ଓ ବାରାଉଣି, ଉତ୍ତରପ୍ରଦେଶର ଗୋରଖପୁର, ଆନ୍ଧ୍ରପ୍ରଦେଶର ରାମଗୁଣ୍ଡମ, ଆସାମର ନାମରୂପ, ପଶ୍ଚିମବଙ୍ଗର ଦୁର୍ଗାପୁର ଓ ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ତାଳଚେର ଓ ପାରାଦୀପଠାରେ ସାର କାରଖାନା ସ୍ଥାପନ କରାଯାଇଛି । ଦେଶରେ ମୋଟ ପ୍ରାୟ ଷାଠିଏରୁ ଊଦ୍ଧ ସାରକାରଖାନା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଛନ୍ତି । ଗ୍ରାମଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ଉନ୍ନୟନ ଯୋଜନା ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ କୃଷି ସହିତ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ଶିଳ୍ପ, ହସ୍ତକର୍ମ ଓ କୁଟୀରଶିଳ୍ପ, ଗୋପାଳନ,କୁକୁଡ଼ା, ବତକ ପାଳନ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଉପରେ ପ୍ରାଧାନ୍ୟ ଦିଆଯାଇ ଥିବାରୁ କେତେକ ପରିମାଣରେ କୃଷି ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳତା ବିକେନ୍ଦ୍ରିତ ହୋଇଛି । ଦେଶରେ ସଘନ କୃଷି ଯୋଜନାକୁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରୀ କରି ସ୍ବଳ୍ପ ଜମିରୁ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାପ୍ତ ଫସଲ ଆମଦାନି ପାଇଁ ଅଧୁକ ଉତ୍ପାଦନକ୍ଷମ ବିହନ ଚାଷ କରାଯାଇ ଆଶାତୀତ ସାଫଲ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଜନ କରାଯାଇଛି ଓ ସାରା ଭାରତରେ କୃଷକମାନଙ୍କ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଏ ଦିଗକୁ ପ୍ରସାରିତ ହୋଇଛି ।

ଏକଦା ଶିଳ୍ପବିପ୍ଳବ ସମଗ୍ର ପୃଥିବୀରେ ଏକ ନବଜାଗରଣ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥିଲା ଏବଂ ତାହାରି ଫଳରେ ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ଜୀବନଧାରଣର ରୀତି ଆଶାତୀତ ଭାବେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହୋଇଛି । ଏବେ ଭାରତରେ ସେଇଭଳି ଏକ ନବଜାଗରଣ ସ୍ଵର ଝକୃତ ହେଉଅଛି । ତାହା ହେଉଛି ‘ସବୁଜ ବିପ୍ଳବ’ । ସମଗ୍ର ଭାରତୀୟ ଭୂଭାଗକୁ ଶ୍ୟାମଳ ରୂପଶ୍ରୀରେ ସୁମଣ୍ଡିତ କରି ଅନ୍ନପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣାଙ୍କର ଭଣ୍ଡାରକୁ ପରିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କରିବା ହେଉଛି ଏହାର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ । ତା ଫଳରେ ଏହି ବୁଭୁକ୍ଷା ଜନତାର ଉଦରଜ୍ୱଳା ପ୍ରଶମିତ ହେବ ଓ ମାଟି ମାଆର ଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ବରଦାନ ଲାଭକରି ତା’ର ସନ୍ତାନମାନେ ସୁଖରେ କାଳାତିପାତ କରିବେ ।

ଏହି ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ବର୍ଭମାନ କୃଷି ଉପରେ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରାଧାନ୍ୟ ଆରୋପ କରାଯାଇଛି । ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଜାତୀୟକରଣ କରାଯିବାପରେ ସେମାନେ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାପ୍ତ ଭାବରେ କୃଷିରଣ ଦେବାକୁ ଯୋଜନାମାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଏହି କୃଷି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ନଡ଼ିଆ ବଗିଚା, ଫଳଚାଷ, ଆଖୁ, ନଳିତା, ରବିଫସଲ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ । ଏ ଦିଗରେ ସମବାୟ ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଭୂମିକା ତାତ୍ପର୍ଯ୍ୟପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ । ସ୍ଵକାଳୀନ, ମଧ୍ୟମ କାଳୀନ ଓ ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳୀନ ଭିତ୍ତିରେ ସେମାନେ ଭୁଉନ୍ନୟନ ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କ ଏବଂ ସେବା ସମବାୟ ସମିତିମାନଙ୍କ ଜରିଆରେ ରଣବଣ୍ଟନ କରୁଛନ୍ତି । ତା'ଛଡ଼ା ସରକାରଙ୍କର ଗ୍ରାମଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ଯୋଜନା ଏବଂ କୃଷିବିଭାଗ ପକ୍ଷରୁ ଉନ୍ନତ ବିହନ, ସାର, ପାଣିମଡ଼ାଇବା ପାଇଁ ପମ୍ପ, ବଳଦ କିଣା ଓ କୂପ, ପୁଷ୍କରିଣୀ ଖନନ ପାଇଁ ଋଣ ମଞ୍ଜୁର କରାଯାଉଛି । ଏସବୁ ବ୍ୟତୀତ କୃଷି ବିଶେଷଜ୍ଞମାନେ ନୂଆ ନୂଆ ପ୍ରକାର କୃଷି-ପଦ୍ଧତି ଏବଂ ସ୍ୱଳ୍ପ ସମୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅଧିକ ଅମଳକ୍ଷମ ବିହନ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଗବେଷଣା ଚଳାଇଛନ୍ତି । ଏ ଦିଗରେ କଟକ ନିକଟସ୍ଥ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଧାନ ଗବେଷଣା କେନ୍ଦ୍ରର ଭୂମିକା ଉଲ୍ଲେଖଯୋଗ୍ୟ । ସରକାରଙ୍କର ଏହି ସମସ୍ତ ଉନ୍ନତିମୂଳକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଯୋଗେ ଭାରତ ଏବେ କେତେକ ପରିମାଣରେ ଆତ୍ମନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳତା ଲାଭ କରିପାରିଛି ।

ଶେଷକଥା : ଖାଦ୍ୟ, ବସ୍ତ୍ର ଏବଂ ବାସଗୃହ ଏ ତିନୋଟି ହେଉଛି ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ଆଦିମ ଓ ଚିରନ୍ତନ ସମସ୍ୟା । ଖାଦ୍ୟଶସ୍ୟରେ ସ୍ବାବଲମ୍ବନଶୀଳତା ହାସଲ କରିବା ହେଉଛି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରର ମୌଳିକ କର୍ଭବ୍ୟ । ଆମେରିକା, ଋଷ, ଜାପାନ ଓ ଜର୍ମାନ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଶିଳ୍ପପ୍ରଧାନ ହେଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ କୃଷିରେ ଟ୍ୟାପ୍‌ଭି ଲାଭ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଶିଳ୍ପକ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଅଗ୍ରଗତି କରିବା ସଙ୍ଗେ ସଙ୍ଗେ ସେମାନେ କୃଷି ଦିଗରେ ସ୍ଵାବଲମ୍ବନଶୀଳତା ହାସଲ କରି ପାରିଛନ୍ତି । ପୃଥିବୀରେ ଅଧୁକ ପରିମାଣର ଖାଦ୍ୟଶସ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ନିମନ୍ତେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବାକୁ ବିଶ୍ବ-ଜାତିସଂଘର ଏକ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ସଂସ୍ଥା ଅଛି । ଏହା ଅନୁନ୍ନତ ଓ ଅଛୋନ୍ନତ ଦେଶର କୃଷକମାନଙ୍କୁ ନାନା ଭାବରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରି କୃଷି ଦିଗରେ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଉତ୍ସାହିତ କରିଥାଏ । ଖାଦ୍ୟଭଳି ଏକ ମୌଳିକ ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମାଧାନ ଦିଗରେ ଯେଉଁ ଦେଶ ଯେତେ ପଶ୍ଚାତ୍‌ପଦ, ସେ ଦେଶର ନୈତିକ ଓ ବୌଦ୍ଧିକମାନ ସେତେ ନିମ୍ନ ବୋଲି ବିଚାର କରିବାକୁ ହେବ । ସେଥିପାଇଁ କୃଷିର ବିକାଶ ତଥା ଖାଦ୍ୟଶସ୍ୟରେ ସ୍ବାବଲମ୍ବନଶୀଳତା ପାଇଁ ସରକାର ଯେତିକି ସଚେତନ ରହିବେ ସାଧାରଣ ଲୋକେ ତତୋଧେକ ସଚେଷ୍ଟ ରହିବା ଉଚିତ୍ ।

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Agriculture In Odisha, Crops, Farming Practices

Table of contents, climate conditions for agriculture in odisha, different seasons for agriculture in odisha, seasonal crops cultivated in odisha, soil and land use for agriculture in odisha, the total land area covered by different crops in odisha;, horticulture in odisha, vegetable cultivation in odisha, fruits cultivation in odisha, short duration fruit crops in odisha, other short duration improved fruits in odisha, flowers and spices are grown in odisha, livestock and poultry sector in odisha, backyard poultry farming in odisha, water requirement for agriculture in odisha, the fisheries sector in odisha, integrated farming in odisha, information about agriculture in odisha, organic farming in odisha, problems of agriculture in odisha, agriculture schemes in odisha, frequently asked questions about agriculture in odisha.

Introduction of Information on Agriculture in Odisha : Agriculture is the world’s oldest profession is the main source of life sustenance for the human population. Agriculture is defined as the process of crops cultivation and the raising of livestock animals for producing food, feed, fiber, and other desired products. In Odisha, the agriculture sector is the major contributor to the state’s economy. Approximately 76% of the total working population in Odisha is engaged with the agriculture sector. The agriculture sector continues to be the mainstay of livelihood for human civilization. Agricultural growth is important not only for ensuring food security and reduction of poverty in rural areas but also for sustainable growth of the rest of the economy.

The horticulture sector is becoming popular in hilly districts. Odisha has immense potential in horticulture mainly in vegetable cultivation and micro-irrigation. Onion is the most important horticulture crop. Commercial floriculture crops are also increasing in Odisha. Commercial dairy farming is also an important sector in Odisha. Fresh and saltwater fisheries, especially prawn cultivation, play an important role in the economy. Agriculture exports in Odisha mainly derive from prawn farming. Then, the State Agriculture Policy will endeavor to create an enabling environment in all these spheres.

Odisha employs about 73% of it and its population in farming contributes around 30% to the Net State Domestic Product as an agrarian economy. Around 40% that is roughly around 87.46 lakh hectares area are brought to the agriculture sector every year. The area under agriculture is more in the Balasore, Jajpur, Jagatasinghpur, Kendrapara, Khurda, Nayagarh, Bhadrak, Cuttack, Ganjam, and Puri, etc are coastal districts of Odisha. The main objectives of agriculture in Odisha are;

• To know the agricultural structure and related agriculture characteristics i.e., on operational holdings, cropping pattern, live-stock, land utilization, irrigation, agricultural credit, agricultural machinery and implements, use of fertilizers, etc.
• To provide benchmark data required for evaluating their progress and for formulating new agricultural development programs.
• To provide some operational holdings for carrying out a future agricultural survey.
• The survey focuses on the use of fertilizers, manures, pesticides, and use of quality seeds.

A step by step guide to Agriculture In Odisha, List of crops grown in Odisha, Types of farming in Odisha , District wise crop production in Odisha

The major crops cultivated in Odisha are Rice, Pulses, Oil Seeds, Jute, Coconut, and Turmeric. Tea, Cotton, Groundnut, and Rubber crops are of great economic importance in other parts of Odisha. Odisha mainly contributes one-tenth of the total rice produced in the country. Some other important food grains are Oilseeds (groundnut, mustard, and castor oil) and pulses (gram, tur, and arhar). Various cash crops are also cultivated in Odisha. Some of the important cash crops in Odisha include Jute, Mesta, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Rubber, Tea, Coffee, and Turmeric. These crops are cultivated across different geographical areas of Odisha state. Odisha stands 4th in the production of jute in the country after West Bengal, Bihar, and Assam. Rice and jute crops need similar soil and climatic conditions. Jute cultivation in Odisha is confined to the coastal plains of Cuttack, Balasore, and Puri districts. Odisha has a geographical area of about 1,55,707 sq. km., and is divided into 10 agro-climatic zones depending upon the soil types, topography, rainfall, and cropping pattern.

Odisha experiences mainly three metrological seasons. They are winter season from October to February, the summer season from March to June, the monsoon season from July to September. Odisha has a tropical climate characterized by medium to high rainfall, high temperature, and high humidity. The normal rainfall is about 1451.2 mm. Most of the rainfall received in the state is concentrated for about 3 months of the monsoon season.

Summer Season

The summer season in Odisha is derived from April till June. During the summer season the temperature level in Odisha is quite high and the sun very harsh. The maximum temperature level of Odisha, in the summer season, goes above 45°C. Sambalpur, Baragarh, Bolangir, and Kalahandi, etc., are some places experience high temperatures during summer between 40 to 46°C.

Rainy Season

In Odisha, the monsoon or rainy season starts in July and lasts till October. Usually, the coastal areas of Odisha experience cyclones and tornados during this season. The rainfall plays an important role in the climate of Odisha. Odisha also experiences a return monsoon in October and November.

Winter Season

In Odisha, the winter season is experienced for 5 months i.e., from December to March. The weather conditions in this season are chilly, though not freezing, and the minimum temperature level dips to as low as 7°C.  The winter season is not that much chilly, except in some regions.

Maize and Ragi are the important coarse cereal crops in Odisha. Jowar, Bajra, and small millets are also cultivated in the state to a lesser extent. The major pulse crops grown in the state are Arhar, Mung, Kulthi, Biri, Gram, Field Pea, Cowpea, and Lentil. Sugarcane and cotton are also cultivated in some districts of Odisha.

One of the largest rice-producing states in India is Odisha. The Rice, Jute, Maize, Sesame, Potato, Oilseeds, Pulses, Coconut, Mesta, Sugarcane, Tea, Rubber, Cotton, Gram, Mustard, and Soybean, etc., are the main crops cultivated in Odisha. The Odisha farmers cultivate different crops in different seasons.

During Kharif season Paddy, Maize, Ragi, Small Millets, Arhar, Biri, Mung, Cowpea, Groundnut, Til, Caster, Rice, Maize, Sorghum, Pearl Millet, Finger Millet/Ragi (Cereals), Arhar (Pulses), Soya Bean, Groundnut (Oilseeds), Sweet Potato, and Turmeric are the crops cultivated. Brinjal, Tomato, and early cauliflower are cash remunerative vegetables taken in Kharif season.

During Rabi season crops like Gram, Fieldpea, Mung, Biri, Mustard, Sunflower, Safflower, Niger, Potato, Onion, Garlic, Coriander, Wheat, Barley, Oats (Cereals), Chickpea/Gram (Pulses), Linseed, and Mustard (Oilseeds), different vegetables, Tobacco and Sugarcane are cultivated by the farmers.

The soil in Odisha differs widely from highly acidic to slightly alkaline. The soils are acidic with a degree of acidity varying widely.

The State is divided into 4 Physiographic zones they are Coastal Plains, Central Tableland, Northern Plateau, and the Eastern Ghats. These are subdivided into 10 agro-climatic zones, are North-western plateau, North-Eastern coastal plain, North-central Plateau, East, and South-Eastern coastal plain, North-Eastern Ghat, Eastern Ghat high land, Western undulating zone, South-Eastern Ghat, Western-Central tableland, and Mid-Central tableland.

Different types of soil range from fertile alluvial deltaic soils in coastal plains, black and brown forest soils in the Eastern Ghat region, mixed red and black soils in Central tableland. They differ from highly acidic to slightly alkaline and from light sandy to stiff clays. Mainly soils are acidic with the degree of acidity varying widely. There are approximately 61.80 lakh hectares cultivated area in Odisha out of which 29.14 lakh hectares is high land, under medium land about 17.55 lakh hectares and under low land about 15.11 lakh hectares. The coverage under Paddy during Kharif is about 41.24 lakh and during Rabi 3.31 lakh hectares.

This proves the importance of staple crop cultivation in Odisha.

• Paddy 77.7%
• Pulses 10.9%
• Oil Seeds 4.9%
• Fiber crop 1.3%
• Other cash crops 2.1%
• Food crops 289.66 thousand hectares
• Vegetables 621.98 thousand hectares
• Oilseeds – 1.15 lakh MT
• Rice – 32.44 lakh MT
• Total cereal – 33.50 lakh MT
• Pulses – 2.05 lakh MT

The horticulture sector plays an important role in Odisha agriculture. Mango, Banana, Cashew, Tamarind, and Turmeric forms a major part of horticultural crops. Under long-duration fruits like Cashewnut, Mango, Jackfruit, Orange, Sapota, and Litchi are cultivated in Odisha. Banana, Papaya, and Pineapple are the short-duration fruit crops in Odisha. The Horticulture department is having about 98 progeny orchards located in different districts.

Odisha is bestowed with different varieties of agro-climatic conditions favorable for the development of horticultural crops. The horticulture sector provides an excellent opportunity to raise the income of farmers in rain-fed areas and dry tracks. Then, income derived from horticulture per hectare of land is higher than in cereals and pulses, the State will utilize the field potential for expanding the area under the horticulture sector. The region under horticulture can be at least doubled with appropriate promotional policies and cropping patterns.

The major crops cultivated in Odisha are Rice, Pulses, Coconut, Mesta, Rubber, Cotton, Sugarcane, Tea, Jute, Oilseeds, Gram, Mustard, Maize, Potato, and Soybean, etc. The principal problem that the Odisha agriculture sector faces is the shortage of water in many areas. The lack of irrigation facilities in these drought-prone areas creates great obstacles to the agriculture sector.

Coconut – Odisha enjoys about 450 km of coastal belt most suitable for Coconut plantation. The productivity of such crops is less than the crops in traditional areas.

In case if you miss this: Vegetable Gardening Tips For Beginners .

Odisha is the 7th-largest producer of vegetables contributing 4.9% to total vegetable production in India. Odisha produced around 8.8 MMT of vegetables. Some major vegetables grown in Odisha include Brinjal (18.1%), Tomatoes (11.2%), Cabbage (5.9%), Okra (5.6%), Cauliflower (4.3%), Onion (3.3%) and Sweet Potato (2.5%). These vegetables represent three-fourths of the total vegetable production in Odisha. In comparison to other states, Odisha is the largest producer of Sweet Potato and Pumpkin, the 2nd-largest producer of Brinjal and Cabbage, the 4th-largest producer of Okra, Bitter gourd, and Cauliflower, and the 5th largest producer of tomatoes in India.

The per capita vegetable consumption in the state is the highest in the country. There are different types of vegetable crops like tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate. Tomato, Capsicum, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Knolkhol, Carrot, Beat, Pea, Beans, and Potato are confined to winter season are the sub-tropical and temperate vegetable crops. Some other tropical vegetable crops like Brinjal, Bhendi, Cucumber, and Gourds are cultivated. Potato, Watermelon, Onion, Gourd are important vegetable crops for riverbed cultivation.

Fruits are cultivated on 4% of Odisha’s gross cropped area, making the state the twelfth largest fruit producer, and ranking 6th in acreage. Odisha produced about 2.4 Metric Million Tonnes of fruit crops this is about 2.6% of the country’s total fruit production. Mango is the important fruit crop produced in Odisha contributing the largest share to production at 33%. Other important fruits in Odisha are Banana, Lime/Lemon, Watermelon, Guava, and Papaya.  

Mango – Mango is cultivated all most all over the State of Odisha. Then, there are innumerable varieties of traditionally grown elite and country mangoes. Mango is a favorite crop of the tribals in Odisha, who utilize dehydrated green mangoes and mango leather by sun-drying the pulp. Some prominent mango varieties are Bombay Green, Langra, Banganpalli, Amprapalli, and Chausa, etc. The crop has alternate bearing habits for which the production varies from year to year.

How About This: Vegetable Farming In Karnataka .

Kagzi lime – It is cultivated in specific areas of Keonjhar, Ganjam, Gajapati, Koraput, and Dhenkanal districts. Lime is an important fruit crop of the tribals. It is popular for its medicinal value. It has a wide range of varieties ranging from thin-skinned Kagzi Lime crop to thick-skinned table-type lemons.

Jackfruits – This is long duration fruit tree thriving for centuries. This is widely grown in Phulbani, Koraput, Ganjam, and Kalahandi districts. In other districts, Jackfruits are found sporadically. It was introduced by Britishers in tribal pockets of Odisha and the fruits are consumed in their different stages.

Some other fruits cultivated in Odisha are Litchi, Coconut, Pomegranate, and Custard apple but in limited acreage.

Banana – Odisha has the potentiality for tall and dwarf banana varieties. The verities are very specific to the particular agro climate. Champa and Chini Champa, Chakrakelli are improved types under tall varieties. Some culinary Banana varieties are Bantal, Gaja Bantal, Paunsia Bantal, and Mendhi Bantal, etc.

Important short-duration improved fruits grown in Odisha are Papaya and Pineapple. The approximate area covered is about 20,000 hectares.

Soil and climatic conditions in Odisha are mostly suitable for successful flowers cultivation. Some important flowers cultivate in Odisha are rose, tuberose, marigold, and gladiolus. Flowers demand is also growing rapidly in the State. In Odisha, there is a huge potential for floriculture.  Turmeric, Ginger is the most important spices cultivated in Odisha.

The livestock sector growth in Odisha has been phenomenal in the last one and half decades. The sector contributes about 7.25% of the state’s net domestic product and, the development of the livestock sector is the critical pathway to rural prosperity. Though, livestock sector policy so far had only a marginal presence in the sectoral economy.

Odisha has approximately 0.3 million crossbred cattle, and 0.2 million buffaloes in milk, producing around 1.3 million tonnes of milk, and cows are contributing the major share about 1.1 million tonnes. The state has a high potential to enhance cattle and goat productivity with the below technologies;

• Backyard poultry birds like Vanaraja, Gramapriya, and CARI Priya for 100 % increase in egg production over indigenous birds and Ganjam goat breed used for improved meat production
• Cystoscope assisted Artificial Insemination for an improved conception rate of about 20%
• Urea-ammoniation of straws and bypass protein technology for 10 to 15% improvement in productivity
• Field-based diagnostic kits and vaccines for main diseases of livestock and poultry

Backyard poultry plays a significant role in Odisha for adding sustainability to the livelihood of poor farmers. This not only provides the much-required animal protein to the rural poor but also acts as a source of readymade cash to the urgent need of the poor family. Also, it provides unemployed youth and women with a profitably earning. Local chicken breeds are ideal mothers and good sitters and possess natural immunity against common diseases.

Millions of people in Odisha can be done backyard chicken production has an important contribution to a sustainable livelihood. It requiring hardly any infrastructure set-up is a potent tool for upliftment of the poorest of the poor. Small-scale poultry farming has the potential to stimulate the economic growth of resource-poor households. It can enhance household food security and then contribute to poverty reduction through the provision of supplementary food, income, and employment. Backyard poultry sector development can reduce the high infant and mother mortality rate through the restoration of the nutritional status of the rural population.

Odisha is endowed with an abundant water supply. It is also blessed with an excessive network of rivers and streams. Mahanadi and Subarnarekha are major rivers in Odisha. Though, irrigation is the most important driver of agricultural growth in Odisha. Sprinkler irrigation is ticking up for growing several commercial crops.

Irrigation plays an important role in increasing the yield of the land. It has been assessed that even a 10% increase in the present level of water use efficiency in irrigation projects can help to provide lifesaving irrigation to crops in large areas. The concept of maximizing crop yield and income per unit of water would be used in all crop production programs.

Mostly the fisheries sector lies under freshwater and brackish water resources. Freshwater resources of Odisha are estimated to be 7.5 lakh hectares.

Odisha is an important maritime state on the east coast with a coastline of about 480 km and about 32,000 hectares of area with coastal aquaculture potentials. Odisha has 1.98 lakh hectares of reservoirs, 4,500 km of rivers and canals, and 1.14 lakh ha of ponds and tanks. The total annual fish production in Odisha is 3.06 lakh tonnes.

Usually, Indian farmers adopted an integrated farming system for their livelihood. However, agro-climatic conditions are mainly responsible for the existence of particular crops, and cropping patterns, industrialization, commercialization, and mechanization have played a major role in farmers’ decision-making for growing particular crops.

An integrated approach has several distinct advantages such as security against complete failure of a system, optimum utilization of farm resources, minimization of dependence for external inputs, and efficient use of natural resources, etc. To minimize the risk of the farmers, an integrated farming approach will be encouraged in the state. A proper combination of different farm production systems will be promoted in Odisha like agriculture, horticulture, livestock, poultry, agroforestry, and sericulture.

• Usually, agriculture in Odisha plays the main role in the state’s economy. The chief occupation of people in Odisha is Agriculture. About 76% of the total working population in India is engaged in agriculture and agriculture-related industries. The major thing required for agriculture is soil and weather conditions.
• The most cultivating areas in Odisha are Balasore, Bhadrak, Cuttack, Ganjam, Kendrapara, Khurda, Nayagarh, Jajpur, Jagatasinghpur, and Puri, etc.
• Favorable climate conditions and the presence of rich soils account for the growth of flower crops in Odisha.
• In Odisha, rice is cultivated under diverse ecosystems and a wide range of climatic conditions.

Organic farming is being ecologically, economically and socially sustainable holds great promise for inclusive and sustainable economic growth of the state. Sustainable soil management health and natural resources are unique features of organic farming. So, the Customization of scientific organic technologies is a long way in developing sustainable farming systems in Odisha. The remunerative marketing of organic produce in the domestic and export market would increase the farmer profitability transitioning to certified organic production. Organic farming yields various vital advantages such as improving soil fertility, soil structure, biodiversity, and reducing erosion. These organic practices are bringing a good opportunity to productivity as well as economic efficiency.

Odisha government has planned to introduce a set of new operational guidelines for organic farming to prevent the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, and genetically modified organisms. For organic farming in Odisha, Kandhamal, Kalahandi, Rayagada, Koraput, Mayurbhanj, Gajapati, Nayagarh, and Keonjhar are the selected districts. An area of 250 hectares will be allotted for farming in each district.

In Odisha, agriculture is characterized by low productivity on account of different factors. These factors include problematic soil like acidic, saline & waterlogged, lack of assured irrigation, low seed replacement rate, low level of fertilizer consumption (63 kg/ha. against the national average of 140 kg/ha.), and low level of mechanization, etc. Huge gaps in yield potential and the technology transfer provide a good opportunity to the State to increase productivity and production substantially.

Increasing public investment in agricultural infrastructure that includes irrigation, establishing appropriate farming systems, developing suitable crop varieties, designing region and crop-specific plans and strategies are suggested for moderating spatial inequalities and also achieving a less unbalanced regional growth in the agriculture sector.

The Government of Odisha in India has come up with several programs called schemes (yojana) from time to time for the people of the State. Some of the important schemes that are being implemented in Odisha such as National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), and Sustainable Development of Sugarcane based Cropping Systems (SUBACS), System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Technology Mission on Cotton, Technology Mission on Sugarcane, Jute Technology Mission(MMII), National Project on Management of Soil Health and Fertility, e-Pest Surveillance, and National Horticulture Mission, etc., which play a vital role in making farming sustainable and obtain maximum return per rupee invested in the farmland. Some other schemes for agriculture in Odisha are Mukhyamantri Krishi Udyog Yojana, Odisha Fish Pond Yojana, and Mukhyamantri Abhinav Krishi Yantripati Samman Yojana.

What are the main crops grown in Odisha?

The major crops grown in Odisha are Rice, Pulses, Oil Seeds, Jute, Coconut, Tea, Cotton, Groundnut and Rubber, and Turmeric.

What is the importance of agriculture in Odisha?

Odisha is an agrarian state. More than 83% of its total population lives in rural areas and depends primarily on agriculture for livelihood. The performance of the agriculture sector determines the food and nutrition security of the population and is important for reducing poverty and achieving inclusive growth.

What type of crop is rice in Odisha?

As 65% of the total rice area is rain-fed, rice is grown as a rain-fed crop and is mostly dependent on monsoon rainfall.

Which soil is found in Odisha?

Red soil is found in Odisha and it is rich in potash content but lacks phosphate, humus, and nitrogen content.

Is goat farming profitable in Odisha?

The goat farming business provides a good profit for unemployed people.

Which is Odisha’s traditional livestock?

Ghumusari cattle breed is one of the indigenous breeds in Odisha, which has been contributing to the welfare of the farming community in general and landless, small, and marginal farmers in particular in its native tract.

Which cow breeds best for Odisha?

Binjharpuri is also known as “Deshi”. It is a cattle breed found in the Jajpur, Kendrapara, and Bhadrak districts of Odisha. These are medium-sized, strong, and chiefly white.

How many types of goats are there in Odisha?

Odisha has about 1 million sheep and goats like the black Bengal goat and the Ganjam goat.

Which goat is best for farming in Odisha?

The goat breeds available in Odisha are Black Bengal goat, Malkangiri goat, Koraput Hill goat, Ganjam Hill goat, Raighar goat, Narayanapatnam goat, Phulbani goat, and Dorangi goat.

Which vegetables grow in Odisha?

Vegetables cultivated in Odisha like Tomato, Capsicum, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Carrot, Beat, Pea, Beans, Potato, Brinjal, Bhendi, Cucumber, Watermelon, and Gourds, etc.

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Very Informative. Thanks .

It’s information is in so deep

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In Odisha, an Adivasi community is using traditional farming to fight climate change

Women farmers are taking the lead in reviving the cultivation of native varieties of millets that are resilient to drought, extreme heat and pests..

Nestled in the remote forested hills of Odisha’s Malkangiri district, Bondaghati is home to the Bonda tribe, one of the 13 particularly vulnerable tribal groups in the state. Some 12,321 Bonda people lived in 32 hilltop villages, as per the 2011 Census . Malkangiri is among the 100 most underdeveloped and poverty-stricken districts of India.

The Bonda people belong to the Austro-Asiatic ethnic group and are believed to be a part of the first wave of migration out of Africa, 60,000 years ago. Their lives are interwoven with the forest land they inhabit, for generations the tribe has sustained itself by cultivating traditional crops, collecting minor forest produce and brewing indigenous liquor.

But in the past few years, climate change has irrevocably affected their subsistence living. Heavy rainfall (table below) washes away the fertile topsoil from the slopes. The advent of modern ways of agriculture has influenced their traditional farming practices – from millet-centred mixed cropping systems, the Bonda farmers have gradually shifted to paddy , which has affected the availability of their staple food.

Bonda women, however, are addressing these issues by reverting to the cultivation of native millet varieties – finger (ragi), foxtail (kakum or kangni), barnyard (sanwa), proso (chena) and pearl (bajra) millets – which are climate-resilient and ensure the community’s food and nutritional security.

The awareness created by Bonda youth volunteers and local non-governmental organisations about cultivating millets through improved farming techniques to meet nutritional and climatic challenges, and the institutional impetus given by the Odisha Millets Mission – such as assured purchase and higher prices – is steadily yielding results.

Odisha has recorded a 215% increase in gross value of millet produced per farmer household from Rs 3,957 in 2016-’17 to Rs 12,486 in 2018-’19, according to a 2020 NITI Aayog study . In the same period, the area under millet cultivation has increased from 2,949 hectares to 5,182 hectares and the yield rate has increased by 120%, the study showed.

Changing climate

“We used to produce most of our food on our land,” said Budhbari Mandra, 48, from Baunsapada village of southern Odisha’s Malkangiri district. “But things have changed over the years. Heavy rainfall often destroys our crops. Farming has become less viable.”

Sukruni Kirsani, 33, said, “Last year, flash floods destroyed our paddy. Heavy rains carried away the fertile top layer of soil.”

“As we started applying chemical inputs with a hope to boost crop yield, our lands have become less fertile,” Kirsani said. “And hybrid seeds often failed to withstand the weather extremities.”

This reflects the situation of hundreds of other Bonda farmers who have been struggling in the face of rising temperature, heavy rainfalls , flash floods and landslides .

“Young Bondas have started migrating to cities for better opportunities,” said Fredrick Stephen, director of Koraput-based Asha Kiran Society , an NGO working on holistic development of the Bonda community for over 20 years.

While Odisha’s average annual rainfall is 1,451.2 mm, Malkangiri’s is higher at 1,667.6 mm. But flash floods and landslides often destroy mono-crops. With the promotion of traditional millet farming, surface soil conservation has improved, and there is less erosion and siltation on the Bonda hills, Aniket Likhar, district coordinator, Watershed Support Services and Activities Network , explained. This not only helps the farmers but also protects the agricultural lands of other communities dwelling on the valley bottom of Bonda hills.

When asked about the attack of pests and insects on crops, she said that they do not use any chemicals but allow birds, insects and snakes to prey upon other insects and pests. “This is a natural way of protecting our crops. They [living organisms] are a part of mother nature.”

“Last year, we harvested about 100 kg finger millets, 60 kg barnyard millets, 45 kg pearl millets, 70 kg sweet potatoes and 40 bags of elephant yams,” Raibari said. “We earned around Rs 8,000 by selling a part of this [summer season] harvest at the local weekly market. With this money, we bought a pair of goats and purchased a few household utensils.” The Bonda farmers have two harvest seasons, summer and rainy.

“These women farmers are reaping diverse benefits from their indigenous climate-smart crops,” said Dinesh Balam, member of the drafting committee for Odisha Organic Policy 2018 , who also coordinates several agro-ecological initiatives in the state, including the Odisha Millets Mission and Integrated Farming Programme For Rainfed Areas . The organic farming policy was introduced to make agriculture climate-resilient, reduce farmers’ risks and enhance their income. “Their [Bondas’] farming practice has evolved in sync with nature; climate resilience [is] deeply interwoven with their ecosystem.”

Millets vs cereals

Millets not only ensure the Bondas’ food and nutritional security but also preserve biodiversity, said Ramya Ranjan Parida, district coordinator for the social welfare and inclusive education programme at Kalinga Institute of Social Science, Malkangiri, who has worked with the community for over a decade.

Millets require 60% less water than paddy and can be harvested within 70 days-100 days as against 120 days-150 days for paddy or wheat. They are also resilient to drought, salinity, extreme heat as well as pests and diseases, he said, adding that they can be cultivated on this region’s undulating terrain.

Odisha Millet Mission

In 2017, Odisha’s Department of Agriculture and Farmers Empowerment launched a five years’ flagship programme in Adivasi areas to promote households’ consumption of millets, improve the productivity of millet crops, ensure minimum support price for farmers, set up decentralised processing facilities and include millets in the state nutrition programme and the public distribution system. The model was launched in seven districts and subsequently scaled up to 14.

The impact is visible: Odisha has seen, as we said, a 215% increase in gross value of millet produced per farmer household between 2017-’18 and 2018-’19 and a 120% increase in yield rate between 2016-’17 and 2017-’18, according to a NITI Aayog study .

The millet mission has strengthened minimum support price and assured government procurement for Public Distribution System and Integrated Child Development Service to encourage the cultivation of millets.

During 2020-’21, the state government has increased the Odisha Millet Mission funding from Rs 65.54 crore to Rs 536.98 crore, of which Rs 223.92 crore is for project implementation and Rs 313.06 crore is for procurement and distribution of ragi in the Public Distribution System and Integrated Child Development Service.

“Under the state nutrition programme, [each] ration card holder received 2 kg of ragi reaching out to five million beneficiaries for one month in 14 districts as a substitute of rice from the quantity procured in 2019-’20,” said Srinibas Das, block project manager, Odisha Livelihood Mission .

Between 2018 and 2020, community-managed seed centres have preserved about 392.66 quintal seeds, of which about 155.95 quintal were distributed among farmers, said Tapas Chandra Bhoi, assistant agriculture officer of Dasmantpur block in Koraput district. “We have learned that seed banks are successful in Adivasi areas where subsistence farming is predominant and traditional varieties of food crops are grown,” he said.

Climate Smart Agriculture: Footprints in Odisha

Agriculture is both a cause and victim of climate change. Agriculture at industrial scale has had a significant impact on water depletion and soil health. The leading international body for assessment of climate change, the IPCC, has estimated that the combined effect of agricultural activities is approximately one-fifth of the greenhouse effect caused by human action. The C02 amount in the Earth’s atmosphere is nearly 412 parts per million (ppm) today, which continues to rise. This represents a 47% increase since the beginning of the industrial age when the concentration was around 280 ppm and a 11% increase since 2000 when it was 370 ppm. Agricultural and allied activities such as rice cultivation, rearing of domestic animals and biomass burning account for 22–46% of the global methane concentration. Among these activities, paddy fields are the most important source, accounting for 15–20% of the world’s total methane emission caused due to human activities.

However, agriculture in many geographies, mostly in Africa, South Asia and Latin America, is characterised by fragmented land holding, ownership by small and marginal farmers, low capital investment, moderate-to-nil mechanisation and low productivity. The world’s economically poor communities are mostly concentrated in the same places. A World Bank Report on Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) in 2020 indicates that the world will need about 70% more food by 2050 to feed an estimated 9 billion people.

Twelve years ago, the UN’s FAO launched the concept of CSA to holistically manage our farmland, livestock, forests and fisheries. The CSA is not esoteric. Bhutan has started focusing on high-value crops through mega-scale polyhouses with mobile-controlled smart irrigation. Such initiatives protect crops from windstorms and hailstorms. Farmers in the Philippines are receiving real-time scientific advice from “Rice Crop Managers” on their smartphones to make informed decisions to reduce vulnerabilities. Zimbabwe, a victim of prolonged droughts (1950–2013), has now adopted drought-resistant grain such as millets, sorghum and cassava as an initiative under the CSA. The world’s top producer and exporter of coffee, Brazil, experienced droughts in 2020. In India, the use of drone-based spray for insecticides and pesticides to increase bio-efficiency has started in pilot mode.

On the eve of Makar Sankranti, the United Nations World Food Programme (UNWFP) and Odisha’s government joined hands to improve the food security of small and marginal farmers by strengthening their resilience to climate change. Odisha envisages developing suitable toolkits and modules. Based on a pilot initiative, climate-change professionals shall guide the small and marginal farmers to transform farming practices and resort to alternative livelihood options based on climate risk, thus improving their household income and food security.

The remote forested hills of Odisha’s Malkangiri are a high rainfall area lately experiencing flash floods and landslides. A group of Bonda women farmers who have been exposed to climate risk are reaping diverse benefits from their indigenous climate-smart crops. According to a NITI Aayog study in 2020, Odisha recorded a 215% increase in gross value of millet produced per farmer household, from `3,957 in 2016–17 to `12,486 in 2018–19 and in the same period, the area under millet cultivation has increased from 2,949 hectares to 5,182 hectares and the yield rate has increased by 120%.

The women farmers are currently cultivating native millets that are climate resilient, reduce soil erosion, and ensure food and nutritional security for their community. This initiative is assisted by the Odisha Millets Mission, an initiative of the state government to improve food security. Before the Covid outbreak, women from 18 villages in Nayagarh district painted pots filled with seeds for Kharif season and marched to promote revival of the traditional practice of growing indigenous crops that are naturally pest-resistant and adaptive to climate disturbances. The women exchanged more than 200 varieties of seeds, which was a tradition in the hilly areas to maintain crop diversity.

Another climate fighter is Saraju Nayak in Ganjam district. Ganjam has had to bear the brunt of successive cyclones like the super cyclone of 1999, Hudhud and Phailin, which destroyed standing crops, livestock and plantations. Saraju and other women farmers have been attempting to minimise the impact of cyclones on their farms by implementing practices learned from training imparted by the Central Institute of Women in Agriculture in Bhubaneswar. Growth and sale of green fodder as well as animal husbandry have now replaced paddy cultivation.

Elsewhere, Minushri Madhumita and Amrita Jagatdeo from Kalahandi district have developed solar-powered devices with IoTs to cover an entire surface of a water tank for distribution of fish feed and aeration with distributed levels of oxygen. This smart initiative is helping farmers increase fish and prawn productivity, resulting in increased household income. The World Bank Initiative-Odisha Integrated Irrigation Project for Climate Resilient Agriculture (OIIPCRA) launched in 2019 focuses on rehabilitation of water tanks, promotion of aquaculture practices and post-harvest management across 15 districts benefiting 1,25,000 families.

To address the issue of emission of greenhouse gases due to extensive paddy cultivation, Odisha has collaborated with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to launch the project ClimatePRO. The farmers under this initiative shall use the mobile-based application ‘SeedCast’ to estimate seed demand for varieties of rice to be cultivated.

According to the Odisha Economic Survey (2020–21), agriculture and allied sectors are the mainstay of the economy since more than 60% of people depend on it for livelihood. Innovation and reform in agriculture sector administration are the key. For absorbing world-class ideas, Odisha has collaborated with international and national level NGOs and advocacy groups for evidence-based research and guidance of the field functionaries.

The state government’s awareness of the impending climate adversities stems from the fact that it has been faced with the stupendous task of relief and mitigation of natural calamities at regular intervals. The state agencies are tasked to spread locally viable indigenous farming, animal husbandry and agriculture practices in a sustainable way so that small and marginal farmers get remunerative returns.

Asit Tripathy, IAS (Retd) Principal Advisor to the Odisha CM & Chairman, WODC

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As much as 76% of the total population of Odisha is engaged in agricultural activities. The total cropped area is 87,46,000 hectares, of which 18,79,000 is under irrigation. Odisha is one of the largest producers of rice in India. The other crops cultivated are: jute, oil seeds, pulses, coconut, mesta, sugarcane, tea, rubber, cotton, gram, mustard, maize, sesame, ragi, potato, and soybean. Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Baleshwar and Sambalpur are the major agricultural hubs of the state.

Odisha has four zones—coastal plains, central tableland, northern plateau and eastern ghats—that are further subdivided into 10 agro-climatic zones. The state’s climate is tropical, characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, medium to high rainfall and short and mild winters. The state usually receives rainfall of around 1451.2 mm. However, it suffers from frequent natural calamities such as cyclones, droughts, and flash floods. The soil type ranges from fertile, alluvial, deltaic soil in the coastal plains, mixed red and black soil in the central tableland, to red and yellow soil with low fertility in the northern plateau and red, black and brown forest soil in the eastern ghat region. They differ widely from highly acidic to slightly alkaline to light sandy to stiff clay.

A state-level meeting was held for integrating Natural Farming practices with BPKP, Odisha Millet Mission, PKVY, on 19 November 2020, and a roadmap on the promotion of Natural Farming was prepared. Under the Odisha Millet Mission, Natural Farming practices—such as seed treatment through  Beejamrit, application of  Jivamrit, handi khata for soil health, and promotion of cycle weeders—are practiced.

The special programme for promotion of integrated farming in Maligiri District follows Natural Farming principles for promoting crop diversification, rice intensification, rainfed fishery, etc.

Also, a state-level technical committee on agrobiodiversity and agroecology was proposed to be formed, with the state biodiversity board, FAO, MoA-NRAA, ICAR, OUAT and State Secretariat (NCDS and WASSAN of SPPIF).

These decisions will promote Natural Farming principles in line with the state’s organic farming policy of 2018.

Source: Directorate of Agriculture and Food Production, Odisha

“More chemical fertilisers means more diseases”

A day in the life of a krishi mitra (farmer’s friend), who works with farmers to promote organic farming and sustainable agriculture in nayagarh, odisha..

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Before working as a krishi mitra , I was a homemaker. I noticed that we were using a lot of inorganic fertilisers to grow our food, which increased yield but also led to a lot of diseases such as diabetes and blood pressure—even among very young people in my village. When my child grows up, I don’t want them to be susceptible to so many illnesses and diseases—which will happen if we continue using chemicals in farming. I wanted to secure my child’s future, and this is what motivated me to apply for the position of krishi mitra . As a krishi mitra, I want to bring back some of the organic farming practices that our ancestors followed, which will not only feed us but also keep us healthy.

Although my cluster has 60 farmers, I actually work with about 150 farmers across Ranpur block. Most of my work is with small and marginal farmers and widows. OLM works with several self-help groups (SHGs), and through them I reach out to families who might have any nutrition-related issues or to low-income families. I give the women seeds and offer training on creating nutrition gardens, where they grow different vegetables for their own consumption. Why should we buy poisonous vegetables from outside when we can grow on our own?

Being a woman, the male farmers often refused to listen to me when I first started working. They said that they would continue using inorganic fertilisers since it produces large crop yields, which helps them feed their families. I tried explaining how these also lead to a lot of diseases and suggested that they try my approach on a small portion of their land—but they refused.

Given their reluctance, I changed my strategy and approached women in local SHGs instead. Every day I went to a different SHG meeting and built awareness about how inorganic farming leads to more diseases and a higher cost of production. I showed them how using locally available organic products such as cow dung and neem leaves can not only reduce the cost of production but also prevent diseases. Gradually, women started adopting an organic approach in their individual nutrition gardens . When they saw for themselves that this approach produced a good quality yield, they encouraged their husbands to try it on a small area of land.

Over time I have been able to gain the trust of the community. Initially, people would use only 0.5–1 acre of their land for organic farming, but today more than 50 acres of land in my panchayat are farmed organically.

9.00 AM: I finish my household chores and leave for my first field visit of the day. I typically visit four to five farmers from my cluster each day. We discuss any problems the farmers might be facing, be it a disease, an insect, or a pest. Based on my training, we work together to find a solution. In case I’m unsure of what should be done, I take a photo and raise the issue in the weekly guided mentoring sessions organised by FES. Here, a livelihood support professional answers any questions I might have. If they are also unable to solve the issue, the block agricultural officer, who is also present at these meetings, helps us in finding a solution using organic methods. On my next visit to the farmer, I share the solution with them. I act as a bridge between the farmers and the officials.

Today I visit a farmer whose crops were being damaged by an aphid infestation. To combat this, I had suggested a few local ingredients—like neem and cow urine extract—that he could use to create a spray. During my visit, I notice that the problem has been managed to a large extent after using this spray.

I am also trained in soil testing. From time to time, I take soil kits on my field visits to show farmers the harmful effects of using inorganic fertilisers on their soil. I test their soil, and in cases where the soil is too acidic, I tell them that they cannot do grain farming on such soil. Our first task then becomes addressing the bad soil quality by switching to green manure or other organic products.

11.30 AM: I work with farmers to train them in organic farming approaches and help them create their own inputs. Whenever there is a new intervention, method, or technique I want to demonstrate, I bring farmers to my demo plot—a small patch of my own land that I have cultivated using organic farming. Before I start, I ask them to look at my crops and try to find the pests or diseases that they find on their crops. When they are unable to do so, I use the opportunity to talk to them about organic farming practices that can reduce diseases and improve crop quality.

One of the things I worry about is how to make the process more sustainable.

I also use my own plot to try out any new intervention and show farmers the results. Earlier no one would believe me when I spoke about the benefits of organic farming methods. It was only when farmers saw the impact with their own eyes that they started to trust me and became more open to trying out new things. This year we’re trying to promote line sowing and transplanting for the farmers’ main crop—paddy. And so on my own demo field I’ve started line transplanting from east to west, ensuring proper sunlight, soil aeration, and timely application of organic formulations. Farmers don’t want to take a risk with their main source of income, but once they see the benefits, I’m hoping they’ll start to try it on their own land.

Though it’s good to see more farmers shift to organic farming, one of the things I worry about is how to make the process more sustainable. Currently, farmers depend on us for the supply of materials such as vermicompost and other organic inputs. But how are farmers going to sustain this in the long run when I’m not there? And so I’ve started teaching them how to make their own vermicompost, jeevamrut (an organic liquid manure), beejamrut (for seed treatment), and other organic inputs at home. The COVID-19 lockdown was difficult in many ways, but it was also a huge step forward in this direction. During this time, it was difficult for farmers to access inorganic fertilisers from the market, and so I took the opportunity to teach them how to make many things such as handi khata (pot manure) and amrit pani (a fertiliser and seed germinator) on their own.

2.00 PM: Every week the 21 krishi mitras in our block have an hour-long refresher training session where they revise what they have previously learnt and clarify any doubts. Whatever we learn, we then go teach the farmers. Before COVID-19, our training and mentoring sessions would take place in person. However, post the lockdown, it’s all online. We have been using Zoom on our smartphones to attend training sessions, and I have to scan a QR code to ensure that my attendance is recorded. All materials and PDFs—about the methods, ingredients required, how to make organic fertiliser—are delivered to us in Odia through the PDA Participant app . We can download these at any time to refer to and even share them on WhatsApp with farmers.

4.00 PM: I go to the panchayat office to update my diary, where I write about the work I do. Typically, my work involves a wide range of activities—field visits, training, building awareness about nutrition gardens, among other things. Therefore, in the diary I document the specific work I did today, which includes how many farmers I visited, who all attended my training sessions, how many of the farmers agreed or disagreed with me, who disagreed, and why.

I explained how buying INR 5 worth of inorganic fertilisers means they’re also buying INR 50 worth of diseases.

In my training session today, some of the male farmers said that preparing their own organic products is more labour-intensive; with inorganic fertilisers they can simply buy a ready product from the market, even if it is more expensive. I listened to them and tried to understand their concerns. I explained how buying INR 5 worth of inorganic fertilisers means they’re also buying INR 50 worth of diseases. Instead, if they invest a few extra rupees on labour now, they’ll save INR 50 on healthcare expenses in the future. I also show them how their crop yield using inorganic farming might be higher, but their net profit is lower since chemical inputs are expensive to procure. If they use organic farming methods, their yield might be slightly lower but their total investment will be significantly lower as well. I encourage them to try organic farming methods on 1 acre of land and see the difference in cost of production for themselves.

5.00 PM: I come back home from work. I quickly finish my regular household chores and sit down to stitch for some time. I learnt how to stitch when I was very young, and used to make dresses to support my family. I enjoy it and so I’ve continued doing it alongside my work as a krishi mitra . My family has been very supportive of my job as a krishi mitra . When I first started working, no one listened to me. But slowly and patiently I’ve been able to gain people’s trust and respect. The fact that people benefit from organic farming makes me happy and keeps me motivated to encourage more and more farmers to adopt organic farming.

As told to IDR.

• Read more about the challenges and aspirations of other krishi mitras here and here .
• Read more about Asha, a farmer who practices zero budget natural farming, her successes, and challenges she has faced in the process.

My name is Laxmiprya Sahoo, and for the past three years I have been working as a krishi mitra (farmer’s friend) in Rankadeuli village, Nayagarh district, Odisha. My main role…

Laxmiprya Sahoo works as a  krishi mitra ( farmer's friend) to promote organic farming among farmers in Nayagarh, Odisha. She is trained in sustainable agriculture by the Odisha Livelihoods Mission (OLM), organised in collaboration with the Foundation for Ecological Security (FES) . She serves as a bridge between farmers and FES support professionals and government officials.

If you like what you're reading and find value in our articles, please support IDR by making a donation.

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Impact of climate change on agricultural production of Odisha (India): a Ricardian analysis

• Original Article
• Published: 04 March 2015
• Volume 16 , pages 575–584, ( 2016 )

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• Diptimayee Mishra 1 ,
• Naresh Chandra Sahu 1 &
• Dukhabandhu Sahoo 1  

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The present study examines the climate sensitivity of the agricultural production of Odisha, a state at the east coast of India. The two climatic variables which have been taken for the study are temperature and rainfall. The study has adopted the Ricardian approach to assess the impact of climate change on the net revenue from agricultural production of Odisha. Panel regression model has been used to test the relationship between climate and other control variables on net revenue. Results of the study reveal that climate has significant influence on the agricultural production of Odisha. The possible future climate scenarios are found to have negative impact on the net revenue from agricultural production of Odisha towards the end of twenty-first century, which call for some policy attentions.

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Mishra, D., Sahu, N.C. & Sahoo, D. Impact of climate change on agricultural production of Odisha (India): a Ricardian analysis. Reg Environ Change 16 , 575–584 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0774-5

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