thesis of grade 12

ESSAYS GRADE 12 NOTES - LITERATURE STUDY GUIDE
The structure of an essay
Steps to writing an essay in the exams
Narrative essays
Descriptive essays
Reflective essays
Discursive essays
Argumentative essays
Writing an essay from a picture
Essay checklist
What is expected from you in the exam

To write a successful exam essay, you need to give yourself time to plan your ideas and write a draft. Once you have edited and corrected your draft, your final essay should be a well-structured and interesting piece of writing. In this section, you will learn how to express yourself using the rules that will earn you marks in the final Grade 12 exam.

1. All about essays

1.1 the structure of an essay.

An essay must have an introduction, a body and a conclusion.

Introduction The introduction is the first paragraph of an essay. It should catch the reader’s attention and suggest what the essay is about (the topic).

Body The longest part of an essay is the body of the essay. It is divided into paragraphs. Each paragraph usually contains one main idea about the essay topic.

Conclusion The last paragraph in an essay is the conclusion. It brings the essay to an end. No new information is given in the conclusion, but it often brings together some key points or ideas.

Coherent - expressed in a clear way that is easily understood
Logical order - Arranging information so that the points follow each other in an order that makes sense.

Essay structure

1.2 Steps for writing an essay in the exams

There are four main steps involved in writing an exam essay:

Step 1: Choose your topic and type of essay Step 2: Plan your essay Step 3: Write and edit your draft essay Step 4: Write your final essay

Step 1: Choose your topic and type of essay Topic In the essay section of the exam, there will be about eight topics. You need to choose one of these topics on which to write your essay. You only need to write one essay.

Essay type A particular topic may suit one type of essay better than another type of essay. For example, if a topic asks whether you agree or disagree, then use the argumentative essay type. The table below shows brief descriptions of the five essay types. See pages 9 to 38 for more information on each essay type.


1		It tells a story; will have the word story in the topic; has characters, setting, plot
2		It describes an experience, an event or a place
3		It shows how you think or feel about a topic. It shows your emotions, hopes and dreams
4		It must present BOTH sides of an issue based on the topic.
5		It must support ONE side of an issue based on the topic

Hint:

Choosing an essay topic in the exam

Step 2: Plan your essay Decide which type of essay you think is most suitable for the essay topic. Remind yourself of the features of this type of essay. Plan your essay by writing down your ideas for the content of the essay. The content refers to the main ideas (points or details) in your essay – what it is mainly about. It must be relevant to the topic. Once you have written down a few ideas, you can organise them by numbering them. This will show the order of your paragraphs for the structure of your essay. There are many different ways to plan an essay. For example, you could use a mind map. Use the planning method that works best for you. There are examples of planning tools on pages 5 and 6.

Essay content planning

Ways to plan an essay

A plan helps you think about what ideas you want to include in your essay. It also helps you put your ideas into a clear structure. You will earn marks for showing your planning. You can use a mind map or an ideas list to plan your essay.

An essay must be between 250 to 300 words long.

Hint:
Essay proofreading and editing

The way you write your essay creates a style of writing. The words you chose and the length of your sentences are two examples of how a writing style is created.
Think about your audience to help you chose the right register for your essay. Register can be formal. For example; if your audience is a teacher or informal if your andience is for example a friend.
The tone of the essay is the feling the write gives the writing. For example, the tone could be playful or serious.

Step 4: Write your final essay Write your final essay by rewriting your draft. Make sure that you make all the changes you marked in your draft so that your final essay has no mistakes and clearly expresses all your best ideas. When you have finished your final essay, cross out your planning and draft essay. If you do not do this, the examiner may mark your draft and not your final essay.

Hint:
Final essay

2. The five essay types

There are different types or genres of essays. Each type is written for a different purpose. To prepare for the exam, you need to revise how to write five types of essay:

The main features of each type of essay and guidelines for writing each type of essay are given in this section. To prepare for the exam, practice writing the different types of essays.

2.1 Narrative essays

A narrative essay tells a story or describes a sequence of events. It can be written from any perspective (first person or third person narrative). The first person narrator will use the pronouns “I” or “we”, while the third person narrator will use pronouns such as “he”, “she”, “they” and “them”. A narrative essay can include dialogue (speech between characters in the story) and often includes interesting descriptions. This helps the reader to imagine what is happening, so the story comes alive.

Hint:

A learner’s example of a narrative essay using the four steps Step 1: Choose the topic and type of essay

This learner chose this essay topic because it fitted a narrative essay type: I am an old desk in a classroom and this is my story…

Note: Write a narratiove if the word "story" is in the description. Always give your essay a title.

Step 4: Write the final essay Note: By including her edits from her draft essay, the learner greatly improved her final essay.

I am an old desk in a classroom and this is my story…
Hello there! My name is Pine. I am an old, broken-down desk, situated at the back of a science classroom. Nobody sits on me anymore. My bits and pieces are scattered around the whole school.
You may think that I am kind of silly-looking and old. In fact, I am very special; legends have sat on me. You don’t know them all but one may stand out in particular – Mark Shuttleworth! He makes my wooden heart beat stronger with pride and he makes me forget about back pain… caused by those rotten, rusted nails!
The other legends you won’t know, but they stayed special to me. I felt their pain when they failed a test. My age- lines grinned and smiled and rejoiced with them when they excelled! I know they made it far and move forests today, but as for me …
I am still here …
The engravings on my head show my life’s story. The story of loneliness. Frustration. Excitement. Pain. (Notice the word “pain” is very similar to my name). And of course, love…
Did I mention that I am a double desk? A desk for two? I have seen all kinds of love: childish love, forbidden love and great love. I know everything there is to know about
science because I have learned it over and over again. But, I don’t understand love.
Love is mystical. Love is kind. Love is blind …
I see the new generations grow older. They grow bolder. They will always be stronger. And my heart grows fonder … Maybe I really know what love is.

word count: 262

Main features of a narrative essay that are shown in this learner’s story


Characters	Pine, learners (including famous people), and lovers, who used the desk
Plot	The story has a strong story line. The desk remembers people who have used it, and how they made it feel. It ends with the climax - as the desk realises that it loves learners who use it.
Setting	The science classroom.
Theme	The movement of learners through the classroom - they move on as they grow up, but the desk remains. The meaning of love.
Structure	From the past to the present, looking ahead to the future; from the concrete to the abstract.
Creative use of language	Strong, interesting words are used, for example: age-lines, legends, scattered move forests, rejoice, excelled, rotten, frustration, forbidden love, mystical. Short sentences and paragraphs add impact.

Activity: Writing a narrative essay

Here are some narrative essay topics to help you to practice your writing skills:

Write a story that includes the following words: Suddenly there was absolute silence... NOTE: The words given in the topic MUST be included somewhere in your essay.
Write a story that begins with the following words: It was the greatest day of my life. NOTE: The words given in the topic MUST be used in the first sentence of your introduction.

2.2 Descriptive essays

In a descriptive essay, the writer describes an experience, an event, a situation, an object or a person. The purpose is to allow the reader to imagine what is being described as clearly as possible. Writing a descriptive essay is like creating a picture with words, rather than telling a story.

Hint:
In a descriptive essay, you must describe an experience or event

A learner’s example of a descriptive essay using the four steps

Step 1: Choose the topic and type of essay

This learner chose this essay topic because it fitted a descriptive essay type: The scene in the waiting area of a clinic OR a doctor’s surgery. Note; The word scene in the topic sentence suggests that a descriptive essay is appropriate for this topic

A clinic waiting area is possibly one of the most awkward places to be. You come in through the door, go to reception to tell the friendly lady that you are here for an appointment with the doctor and as you go to take a seat, you politely nod to all the other people.
With all this friendliness you would think that some people would be talking to each other, but for some unknown reason there is a silence among the adults. The only voices you hear are the receptionists talking on the phone and the little kid who is nagging his mum if he can go build a puzzle or play with the toys.
A few characters will always be found in the waiting area. For example, there will almost always be a kid with a sports injury accompanied by his hysterical mother. And then there’s also the person with flu-like symptoms even in the middle of the summer.
And lastly, there is the person who just calmly sits and reads one of the magazines that are three years old, but appear to be in perfect condition.
As you sit there in your boredom unable to figure out what could be wrong with the calm and collected man, you decide to read one of those magazines. ‘Home and Décor’ is the magazine closest to you, ironically enough, since you find this magazine in a clinic which is coloured pale green and grey, but you decide to read through it anyway. And at that moment when you find a great article, you hear the receptionist calling, “Mr.. ………, could you follow me to the doctor's office, please?"

word count: 271

Main features of a descriptive essay that are shown in this learner’s essay


Characters	Receptionist, the child, the mother, other people waiting in the queue
Plot	Description and observation of events from the moment of registration with the receptionist up to the point where the patient is called to see the doctor.
Setting	The waiting area of the clinic.
Theme	Awkwardness of being in a small public space with strangers.
Structure	The events move from the arrival up to the point when the doctor is ready to see the patient.
Creative use of language	Strong, interesting words are used, for example; hysterical, flu-like symptoms, calm and collected man, coloured pale green and grey.

Activity: Writing a descriptive essay Here are some descriptive essay topics to help you to practise your writing skills:

Write an essay on the following topic: Life with my neighbors
Write an essay on the following topic : It was a dream come true! NOTE: The words given in the topic MUST be included somewhere in your essay.
Write an essay on the following topic : An amazing performance.

2.3 Reflective essays

A reflective essay is written to explain what the writer thinks, and/or feels, about an object, an idea, a situation or an experience. It is subjective (based on the writer’s personal experience) and uses first person pronouns (“I”, “we”, “us”). A reflective essay usually includes the writer’s emotional reactions or feelings. It could be about, for example, a dream, your hopes for the future or a past event.

A learner’s example of a reflective essay using the four steps

Step 1: Choose the topic and type of essay This learner chose this essay topic because it fitted a reflective essay type: Things I would like to achieve by the time I am 30. A reflective essay will be about what you think and feel about a topic. It shows your emotions, hopes and dreams.

Step 4: Write the final essay

Note: Leave a line between each paragraph to make your essay easy to read.

There are a number of things success is not. It’s not money or power, although I have to admit these do have a certain ring to them. Success is bounding out of the door in the mornings because you can’t bear to contain the excitement of going to work (a bit pretentious, but you get the point). Success is bringing together people with universal dreams and inspiring the people you work with to walk the extra mile.
I want that – I want success. I used to sit in front of the television watching ‘Pinki and the Brain’ and every single day Pinki asked Brain, “What are we going to do today?” and Brain would answer with such determination, “Today we’ll conquer the world”. I guess it must have brainwashed me somehow, for now I strive for the same thing.
You know how they say that people reach their prime when they reach 30, “just enough ignorance still to have energy and just enough smarts to use the energy wisely”. At 30,
* intend †o be confidently walking †o †he door of my office, marked “Senior Auditor”. Never once have I dreamt about the whole suburban living, a white picket fence with two- poin†-five angelic children. No, * dream of making a name for myself on the corporate ladder.
This isn’t some futile dream I’ll give up half way through. I’ll reach the top and I know this because dreamers have to be doers in order to be achievers. Recently deceased Steve Jobs once said, “Those who are crazy enough to think they can conquer the world are the ones who usually do.”

word count: 260

Main features of a reflective essay that are shown in this learner’s essay


Characters	The speaker (the writer) is the main person in this story, as it is about personal hopes and dreams. Steve Jobs is quoted as an inspiring person.
Introduction	The writer introduces the main idea for the essay - "success".
Body	The writer's viewpoint is supported by examples of what personal success means to the writer.
Creative use of language	Strong, interesting words are used, for example; success is bounding out of the door, universal dreams, walks the extra mile, conquer the world, brainwashed, a white picket fence with two-point0five angelic children.

Activity: Writing a reflective essay

Here are some reflective essay topics to help you to practise your writing skills:

Write an essay that includes the following words: ‘I wish I hadn’t ...’ NOTE: The words given in the topic MUST be included somewhere in your essay.
Write an essay that includes the following words: As I looked at that photograph ... NOTE: The words given in the topic MUST be included somewhere in your essay.
Write an essay that includes the following words: This experience has made me realise that ... NOTE: The words given in the topic MUST be included somewhere in your essay.

2.4 Discursive essays

The word “discursive” comes from the word “discourse” which means the sharing of thoughts and ideas. A discursive essay presents both sides of an argument. Its purpose is to tell the reader about various sides of a topic. This could be the advantages and disadvantages of something, or the reasons for or against a particular point of view. It must be objective (looking at both sides equally), and give a balanced view. In the conclusion, the writer usually gives a summary of the main points, and suggests, or recommends, some action or way forward. In the conclusion, the writer may state the opinion, or view, with which he or she personally agrees. However, the reasons for that decision must be clearly shown in the essay.

Objective - giving a general point of view

Hint:
hint In a discursive essay, you must show both sides of the topic

A learner’s example of a discursive essay using the four steps

Step 1: Choose the topic and type of essay This learner chose this essay topic because it fitted a discursive essay type: Freedom of choice has both advantages and disadvantages Discuss this statement.

In a discursive essay you must present BOTH sides of an issue. For example, the advantages AND disadvantages of a topic.

South Africa has become one of the most democratic countries in Africa. We, as South Africans, are privileged to be able
to enjoy many rights that enable us to live freely and democratically in our country. One of the many rights we share is the freedom of choice. All citizens are free to choose whatever they want to eat, wear and listen to, among other choices. However, freedom of choice has both advantages and disadvantages.
Freedom of choice gives one a sense of individuality. Nothing feels as satisfyingly good as being able to make our own choices without being obliged to satisfy the government or anybody else. It prevents people from entering into situations that are uncomfortable for them and instead allows them to make choices that suit their own needs. Knowing that you are no† restricted by anything is definitely an advantage.
However, there are not always advantages to having freedom of choice. The fact that all citizens have the freedom to make their own choices can be dangerous. The choices people make are not always good and tend to violate other people’s rights as well. Perhaps the most common example would be the freedom a woman has to choose to terminate a pregnancy. It has been argued that by this choice, an unborn baby’s right to life is violated, besides the fact that the woman also puts her own health in danger.
There are pros and cons to everything. Nothing is ever completely and comfortably positive. It has become clear that while freedom of choice is great, we cannot be sure that it has not come with its own disadvantages. It seems right to conclude that it is every citizen’s responsibility to exercise his or her freedom of choice wisely. After all, every right comes with a responsibility.

Word count: 300


Content	The writer presents two sides of the argument, and makes a judgement at the end of the essay
Introduction	The writer introduces the main idea for the essay - freedom of choice.
Body	The writer presents both the advantages and disadvantages of freedom of choice. The writer organises the paragraphs by presenting arguments for, followed by arguments against, the topic. The concluding line shows the writer's personal view.
Creative use of language	Strong, interesting words are used, for example; Freedom of choice gives one a sense of individuality; the choices people make are not always good and tend to violate other people's rights as well; an unborn baby's right to life is being violated; nothing is ever completely and comfortably positive.

Activity: Writing a discursive essay

Here are some descriptive essay topics to help you to practise your writing skills:

Sport can unite or divide people. Discuss your views.
Do subjects offered at school prepare you for life? Discuss your views.
Wearing school uniform is very important. Do you agree? Discuss your views on wearing school uniform.

2.5 Argumentative essays

In an argumentative essay, the writer expresses his or her opinion or viewpoint on a topic. The purpose of the essay is to try to convince, or persuade, the reader to agree with that opinion. The writer’s opinion about the topic is clear throughout the essay. It is a subjective essay, and strong personal opinions may be expressed.

In an argumentative essay, you must express your personal opinion about the topic

In an argumentative essay you must take a stand on a topic and then support your point of view.

A learner’s example of an argumentative essay using the four steps

Step 1: Choose the topic and type of essay This learner chose this essay topic because it fitted an argumentative essay type: Today young people are influenced more by their friends than by their parents. Do you agree?

Step 2: Plan the essay This learner used a list to plan her essay.

Step 3: Write and edit the draft essay

Today Young People Are More Influenced By Their
Friends than by Their Parents
Are young people influenced more by their peers than their parents? In a modern world, most certainly! Rapid change has taken place over the past 10 years in our modern world. Family values and norms have a question mark behind them. Parenthood is not exactly what it used to be.
How can you explain why a grade seven boy would share a cigarette with his friends in a portable toilet on the school premises? A number of factors need to be considered to explain such actions: peer pressure, growing population numbers and time.
There are definitely many factors that contribute †o †he influence of peers dwarfing †he influence of parents on youth. One reason is the number of people in the world. With growing populations, it is becoming more difficult †o be unique and special. This is a big problem for teenagers, because they want to be seen and recognised. Peer influences provide a solution where parent influences do not. By doing what †heir friends want to do, youth make their voices heard. Peers: 1 Parents: 0.
Another big contributor †o peer influence is †time. Teenagers spend much more time with their friends. Apart from the time spent together at school, many afternoons are spent together watching television. It is thus obvious that much more time
is spent with friends than with family. The more time spent with peers, †he more influence †hey have on youths. Peers: 2 Parents: 0.
*I† is thus understandable why so many youths are influencing by their friends. The facts show that in a modern society, this movement is inevitable. But it does not excuse any form of misbehavior against parents. It most certainly does not excuse parents from doing their job.

Word count: 282

Main features of an argumentative essay that are shown in this learner's essay


Content	The writer begins with a general statement and moves on to explain her point of view. The viewpoint is supported with good reasons.
Introduction	The writer introduces the main idea for the essay by giving some background to the topic.
Body	The writer supports her viewpoint with examples. Related facts are combined within paragraphs. Use is made of connecting words to back up the argument. For example, How else can you explain; but; thus
Creative use of language	Strong, interesting words are used. For example, values and norms; peers; dwarfing the influence of parents; in a modern society this movement is inevitable.

Activity: Writing an argumentative essay

Here are some argumentative essay topics to help you to practise your writing skills:

Most teenagers today do not pay much attention to leading a healthy life. Do you agree?
Technology has changed the lives of teenagers. Do you agree?
Should alcohol and cigarettes be advertised in the mass media? Discuss your views.

2.6 Writing an essay from a picture

There is always a question in the exam that asks you to write an essay based on a picture. You only need to write an essay about ONE of the pictures. Choose which picture you are going to write about. Then you need to decide what type of essay you are going to write. The content of your essay must link with the picture. Looking closely at the picture, identify information you can use in your essay. For example, the picture below shows a man who is:

Laughing/smiling
Dressed smartly in a shirt and tie
Holding a baby
Speaking/listening on the telephone
Writing something in a book/diary

There are five different types of essay that could be written about this picture, as shown below.

	1. A narrative essay
	2. A reflective essay
	3. A descriptive essay
	4. A discursive essay
	5. An argumentative essay

A learner’s example of an essay from a picture using the four steps

Time had always been her biggest obstacle. Bigger than the rocks she had to climb over to get to the river – the only escape she had from her troubled surroundings. Bigger than the barrels of water she had to carry on her head, when it felt like the heat of the sun was going to consume her frail body. Bigger than the weight she felt lying on her body after the sun had gone to bed and her mother laid her head to rest after the long day.
Time was strange and unkind to her in many ways. It always ran away whenever she enjoyed something, like a midnight swim in the river or the hours spent learning at school. Yet it always seemed to linger longer when her deepest wish was to escape from her current situation.
Time. Some call it a gift. She calls it a jail that keeps her caught up in a routine of wishing it away but wanting to hold onto it for just a while longer. The hands that point out the time, point at her in return. They point out what happened in the past, constantly reminding her of her own weakness.
Seconds become minutes. Minutes become hours. Her redemption seems light years away, while the past feels so close that she can smell the burnt food on the gas burner mixing with the smell of sweat and her own fear.
Although years have passed, sometimes she feels six years old again. She hears the door open just as it did many times in the past and she wishes that time would grant her one last favour – to turn the hours into minutes and the minutes into seconds. Seconds away from freedom is where she still longs to be.

Word count: 297


Content	The writer has interpreted the picture in a figurative way. That is, the watch reminds the writer of time and how it is linked to the events in someone's life.
Introduction	The writer introduces the main idea for the essay by giving some background to the topic - time
Body	In each paragraph, the writer talks about a different aspects of time in the woman's life; and how it did not work in her favour - it was a jail, not a gift. The essay ends with the character wishing that time would go faster, so she can escape from her current situation and be free of her past.
Creative use of language	Strong, interesting figurative language is used, for example: the metaphor ' hands of time' can refer to the watch as well as to what happens to the character in the story. Alliteration is used in 'linger longer' to emphasise the slow passing of time.

Activity: Writing an essay from a picture

2.7 essay checklist.


Essay instructions	I understand the exam instructions for writing an essay.
Essay topic	I understand the essay topic I have chosen.
Essay type	I understand the features of the essay type I have chosen:

Planning	I can show evidence of essay planning.
Content	Each point in my plan is relevant to the essay topic. I will use these points in my essay.
Purpose/audience	I understand the purpose of the essay type I have chosen. I understand the audience for the essay type I have chosen.

Sentences	I have not repeated sentences in my paragraphs, I have used full sentences.
Paragraphs	My ideas link and are well organised in paragraphs. Each paragraph contains a new idea. Ideas are not repeated. The ideas in the paragraphs link to the essay topic.
Essay structure	The first paragraph of my essay introduces the topic. The body of my essay has a few paragraphs related to the topic. The last paragraph is clearly the conclusion or ending of the essay.

Choice of words/diction	I have chosen my words carefully to make my essay interesting.
Verb tenses	I have used the correct tenses (past, present or future)
Concord	My nouns and verbs are in agreement
Spelling	My spelling is correct
Punctuation	My sentences start with a capital letter and end with a punctuation mark. I have used apostrophes correctly.

3. What is expected from you in the exam?

In the exam, you must write one essay that is no less than 250 and no more than 300 words long (about 1 to 1 1/2 pages). The essay is worth 50 marks out of 100 marks in the exam - half the total marks for Paper 3. Examiners will give marks for your essay based on:

Content and planning (30 marks)
Language, style and editing (15 marks)
Structure (5 marks)

The rubric on the next two pages is a table the examiners use to mark your essay. It shows the five levels of achievement that the examiners can award an essay, from the lowest achievement (Inadequate column) to the highest achievement (Exceptional column). The table also describes the skills the examiner looks for when marking. For example, when marking an essay’s content, the examiner will assess how well the ideas relate to the topic, and whether they are well planned and organised. The rubric is a useful guide for you to use when practising your essay writing because it reminds you of the skills the examiner will be assessing when marking your exam.


(Response and ideas) Organisation of ideas for planning; Awareness of purpose, audience and context 30 MARKS



Tone, register, style, vocabulary appropriate to purpose/effect and context; Word choice; Language use and conventions, punctuation, grammar, spelling 15 MARKS

	13	10	7	4

Features of text; Paragraph development and sentence construction	5	4	3	2	0-1

HSTORY T2 Gr. 12 Black Consciousness Essay

Grade 12: The Challenge of Black Consciousness to the Apartheid State (Essay) PPT

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A Comparative Study of Reading Comprehension Skills between the Governmental and Non-Governmental Preparatory School Students of Jimma: Grade 12 in Focus

Jimma university, ids item types, copyright holder, usage metrics.

Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies

Published: 2023-07-24

DOI: 10.9734/ajess/2023/v47i41029

Page: 11-17

Issue: 2023 - Volume 47 [Issue 4]

Original Research Article

Article Metrics

Parental involvement and academic performance of grade 12 students.

Hannah U. Quijano

Southern Philippines Agri-business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology, Malita, Davao Occidental, Philippines.

Angelica C. Uy

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Due to the widespread impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Philippines has demonstrated innovation by finding ways to adapt and ensure continued education through the involvement of parents in shaping their children's learning experiences. The main objective of the study is to determine the relationship of parental involvement and academic performance of the Grade 12 students in Mariano Peralta National High School. A sample size of two hundred sixteen (216) respondents was from Grade 12 Senior High School Academic Track Students (ABM, HUMMS, STEM, GAS) of Mariano Peralta National High School. The researchers obtained the list of enrolees of students in the school year 2021-2022 and the sample size is computed using Slovene formula. The data was carefully encrypted and verified to obtain a specific outcome. The findings indicated that there was no significant correlation between parental involvement and student performance. The researchers recommend further expanding the scope of the study by including larger samples from both Junior High School and Senior High School levels. This broader range of participants may yield different results and contribute to the existing knowledge on the relationship between parental involvement and student performance.

Keywords: Parental involvement, academic performance, grade 12 students, learning experiences

How to Cite

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Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)

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Assefa A, Sintaheyu. Relationship between parental involvement and Student’s academic achievement in model primary and secondary school and secondary of Haramaya University, east Hararghe Zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Int J Educ Literacy Stud; 2019.

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Feng H, Li J. Head teachers, peer effects, and student achievement. China: University Huangzhou (Journal); 2016.

Kong Q. Practical exploration of home study guidance for students during the Covid-19 pandemic: A case study of Hangzhou Liuxia elementary school in Zhejiang Province, China. Sci Insights Educ Front. 2020;5(2):557-61.

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Kraaykamp G, Eijck KV. The intergenerational reproduction of cultural capital: A threefold perspective. Soc Forces. 2011;89:209-31. DOI: 10.1353/Sof.2010.0087.

Camargo CP, Tempski PZ, Busnardo FF, Martins MA, Gemperli R. Online learning and Covid-19: A meta-synthesis analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020;75:e2286.

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Carlson. Context and regulation of homeschooling: issues, evidence, and assessment practices; publications of the Buros center professional staff. Lincoln, Ne; 2020.

Chtourou H, Trabelsi K, H’mida C, Boukhris O, Glenn JM, Brach M et al. Staying physically active during the quarantine and self-isolation period for controlling and mitigating the Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic overview of the literature. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1708. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01708

Dennen V. People First. Content Second. Technology Third; 2020.

Available:Https://Vanessadennen.Com/2020/03/16/People-First-Content-Second-Technology-Third/

Dong C, Cao S, Li H. Young children’s online learning during Covid-19 pandemic: Chinese parents’ beliefs and attitudes. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;118:2-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105440

Dziubanet Et Al. Expanding knowledge of parental involvement in children’s secondary education: connections with high school seniors’ academic success. Soc Psychol Educ; 2018.

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When you need an example written by a student, check out our vast collection of free student models. Scroll through the list, or search for a mode of writing such as “explanatory” or “persuasive.”

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Explanatory writing.

How Much I Know About Space Explanatory Paragraph
My Favorite Pet Explanatory Paragraph
Sweet Spring Explanatory Paragraph

Narrative Writing

A Happy Day Narrative Paragraph
My Trip to Mexico Narrative Paragraph

Creative Writing

Happy Easter Story Paragraph
Leaf Person Story

Research Writing

Parrots Report
If I Were President Explanatory Paragraph
My Dad Personal Narrative
The Horrible Day Personal Narrative

Response to Literature

One Great Book Book Review
A Fable Story
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Persuasive Writing

Plastic, Paper, or Cloth? Persuasive Paragraph
The Funny Dance Personal Narrative
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Hello, Spring! Poem
Cheetahs Report

Business Writing

Dear Ms. Nathan Email
My Favorite Place to Go Description
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Ann Personal Narrative
Grandpa, Chaz, and Me Personal Narrative
Indy’s Life Story Personal Narrative
Jet Bikes Personal Narrative
The Day I Took the Spotlight Personal Narrative
A Story of Survival Book Review
Chloe’s Day Story
Did You Ever Look At . . . Poem
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I Am Attean Poem
Sloppy Joes Poem
The Civil War Poem
The Haunted House Story
The Terror of Kansas Story
When I Was Upside Down Poem
Deer Don’t Need to Flee to Stay Trouble-Free! Report
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What Really Matters News Feature
Cheating in America Problem-Solution
Hang Up and Drive Editorial
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Summer: 15 Days or 2 1/2 Months? Editorial
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Limadastrin Poem
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How the Stars Came to Be Story
Linden’s Library Story
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I Am Latvia Research Report
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The Incredible Egg Observation Report
Unique Wolves Research Report
Dear Dr. Larson Email

Personal Writing

A Lesson to Learn Journal
Caught in the Net Definition
From Bed Bound to Breaking Boards News Feature
If Only They Knew Comparison-Contrast
Save the Elephants Cause-Effect
Student Entrepreneur Reaches for Dreams of the Sky News Feature
Internet Plagiarism Problem-Solution
Mosquito Madness Pet Peeve
Anticipating the Dream Personal Narrative
Huddling Together Personal Narrative
H’s Hickory Chips Personal Narrative
It’s a Boy! Personal Narrative
My Greatest Instrument Personal Narrative
Snapshots Personal Narrative
Take Me to Casablanca Personal Narrative
The Boy with Chris Pine Blue Eyes Personal Narrative
The Climb Personal Narrative
The House on Medford Avenue Personal Narrative
Adam’s Train of Ghosts Music Review
Diary of Gaspard Fictionalized Journal Entry
My Interpretation of The Joy Luck Club Literary Analysis
Mama’s Stitches Poem
The KHS Press Play
Rosa Parks Research Report
The Killer Bean Research Report
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Vegetarian Lunch Options at Bay High Email

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How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement: 4 Steps + Examples

What’s Covered:

What is the purpose of a thesis statement, writing a good thesis statement: 4 steps, common pitfalls to avoid, where to get your essay edited for free.

When you set out to write an essay, there has to be some kind of point to it, right? Otherwise, your essay would just be a big jumble of word salad that makes absolutely no sense. An essay needs a central point that ties into everything else. That main point is called a thesis statement, and it’s the core of any essay or research paper.

You may hear about Master degree candidates writing a thesis, and that is an entire paper–not to be confused with the thesis statement, which is typically one sentence that contains your paper’s focus.

Read on to learn more about thesis statements and how to write them. We’ve also included some solid examples for you to reference.

Typically the last sentence of your introductory paragraph, the thesis statement serves as the roadmap for your essay. When your reader gets to the thesis statement, they should have a clear outline of your main point, as well as the information you’ll be presenting in order to either prove or support your point.

The thesis statement should not be confused for a topic sentence , which is the first sentence of every paragraph in your essay. If you need help writing topic sentences, numerous resources are available. Topic sentences should go along with your thesis statement, though.

Since the thesis statement is the most important sentence of your entire essay or paper, it’s imperative that you get this part right. Otherwise, your paper will not have a good flow and will seem disjointed. That’s why it’s vital not to rush through developing one. It’s a methodical process with steps that you need to follow in order to create the best thesis statement possible.

Step 1: Decide what kind of paper you’re writing

When you’re assigned an essay, there are several different types you may get. Argumentative essays are designed to get the reader to agree with you on a topic. Informative or expository essays present information to the reader. Analytical essays offer up a point and then expand on it by analyzing relevant information. Thesis statements can look and sound different based on the type of paper you’re writing. For example:

Argumentative: The United States needs a viable third political party to decrease bipartisanship, increase options, and help reduce corruption in government.
Informative: The Libertarian party has thrown off elections before by gaining enough support in states to get on the ballot and by taking away crucial votes from candidates.
Analytical: An analysis of past presidential elections shows that while third party votes may have been the minority, they did affect the outcome of the elections in 2020, 2016, and beyond.

Step 2: Figure out what point you want to make

Once you know what type of paper you’re writing, you then need to figure out the point you want to make with your thesis statement, and subsequently, your paper. In other words, you need to decide to answer a question about something, such as:

What impact did reality TV have on American society?
How has the musical Hamilton affected perception of American history?
Why do I want to major in [chosen major here]?

If you have an argumentative essay, then you will be writing about an opinion. To make it easier, you may want to choose an opinion that you feel passionate about so that you’re writing about something that interests you. For example, if you have an interest in preserving the environment, you may want to choose a topic that relates to that.

If you’re writing your college essay and they ask why you want to attend that school, you may want to have a main point and back it up with information, something along the lines of:

“Attending Harvard University would benefit me both academically and professionally, as it would give me a strong knowledge base upon which to build my career, develop my network, and hopefully give me an advantage in my chosen field.”

Step 3: Determine what information you’ll use to back up your point

Once you have the point you want to make, you need to figure out how you plan to back it up throughout the rest of your essay. Without this information, it will be hard to either prove or argue the main point of your thesis statement. If you decide to write about the Hamilton example, you may decide to address any falsehoods that the writer put into the musical, such as:

“The musical Hamilton, while accurate in many ways, leaves out key parts of American history, presents a nationalist view of founding fathers, and downplays the racism of the times.”

Once you’ve written your initial working thesis statement, you’ll then need to get information to back that up. For example, the musical completely leaves out Benjamin Franklin, portrays the founding fathers in a nationalist way that is too complimentary, and shows Hamilton as a staunch abolitionist despite the fact that his family likely did own slaves.

Step 4: Revise and refine your thesis statement before you start writing

Read through your thesis statement several times before you begin to compose your full essay. You need to make sure the statement is ironclad, since it is the foundation of the entire paper. Edit it or have a peer review it for you to make sure everything makes sense and that you feel like you can truly write a paper on the topic. Once you’ve done that, you can then begin writing your paper.

When writing a thesis statement, there are some common pitfalls you should avoid so that your paper can be as solid as possible. Make sure you always edit the thesis statement before you do anything else. You also want to ensure that the thesis statement is clear and concise. Don’t make your reader hunt for your point. Finally, put your thesis statement at the end of the first paragraph and have your introduction flow toward that statement. Your reader will expect to find your statement in its traditional spot.

If you’re having trouble getting started, or need some guidance on your essay, there are tools available that can help you. CollegeVine offers a free peer essay review tool where one of your peers can read through your essay and provide you with valuable feedback. Getting essay feedback from a peer can help you wow your instructor or college admissions officer with an impactful essay that effectively illustrates your point.

A QUANTITATIVE STUDY: THE ATTITUDES OF GRADE 12 STEAM STUDENTS ON MEMES WITH SENSITIVE CONTENT

There is a lot of people that viewed memes and found them funny and entertaining, but not all people find it funny, the view it as negative, inappropriate, offensive, insulting, annoying, etc. The focus of this study is to gain new knowledge whether the attitudes of students on memes that contain sensitive content is disturbing for them or not because there has been issues about the memes posted on social media that may contain sensitive content for others. In other words, the goal of this study is to know the attitude or behavior and the reactions of the senior high school students towards memes and how they view it. Three questions are set to guide the researchers and ought to answer later on. First, what is the level of awareness of Silliman University Grade 12 STEAM Senior High School students on memes with sensitive content. Second, what would be the possible effects on a person after viewing memes with sensitive content. Lastly, if there is a significant difference of awareness of students towards memes in terms of sex. The data was gathered through an online survey. Based on the data gathered, the researches have safely assumed that the students had an average knowledge of awareness from the harmful content that memes contained. There was no significant difference of awareness in based on sex of an individual. Students have considered memes as somewhat positive and negative at the same time. Nevertheless, citizens of the net should be responsible in utilizing social media.

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