sample essays for critical analysis

33 Critical Analysis Examples

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Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

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Critical analysis refers to the ability to examine something in detail in preparation to make an evaluation or judgment.

It will involve exploring underlying assumptions, theories, arguments, evidence, logic, biases, contextual factors, and so forth, that could help shed more light on the topic.

In essay writing, a critical analysis essay will involve using a range of analytical skills to explore a topic, such as:

• Evaluating sources
• Exploring strengths and weaknesses
• Exploring pros and cons
• Questioning and challenging ideas
• Comparing and contrasting ideas

If you’re writing an essay, you could also watch my guide on how to write a critical analysis essay below, and don’t forget to grab your worksheets and critical analysis essay plan to save yourself a ton of time:

Grab your Critical Analysis Worksheets and Essay Plan Here

Critical Analysis Examples

1. exploring strengths and weaknesses.

Perhaps the first and most straightforward method of critical analysis is to create a simple strengths-vs-weaknesses comparison.

Most things have both strengths and weaknesses – you could even do this for yourself! What are your strengths? Maybe you’re kind or good at sports or good with children. What are your weaknesses? Maybe you struggle with essay writing or concentration.

If you can analyze your own strengths and weaknesses, then you understand the concept. What might be the strengths and weaknesses of the idea you’re hoping to critically analyze?

Strengths and weaknesses could include:

• Does it seem highly ethical (strength) or could it be more ethical (weakness)?
• Is it clearly explained (strength) or complex and lacking logical structure (weakness)?
• Does it seem balanced (strength) or biased (weakness)?

You may consider using a SWOT analysis for this step. I’ve provided a SWOT analysis guide here .

2. Evaluating Sources

Evaluation of sources refers to looking at whether a source is reliable or unreliable.

This is a fundamental media literacy skill .

Steps involved in evaluating sources include asking questions like:

• Who is the author and are they trustworthy?
• Is this written by an expert?
• Is this sufficiently reviewed by an expert?
• Is this published in a trustworthy publication?
• Are the arguments sound or common sense?

For more on this topic, I’d recommend my detailed guide on digital literacy .

3. Identifying Similarities

Identifying similarities encompasses the act of drawing parallels between elements, concepts, or issues.

In critical analysis, it’s common to compare a given article, idea, or theory to another one. In this way, you can identify areas in which they are alike.

Determining similarities can be a challenge, but it’s an intellectual exercise that fosters a greater understanding of the aspects you’re studying. This step often calls for a careful reading and note-taking to highlight matching information, points of view, arguments or even suggested solutions.

Similarities might be found in:

• The key themes or topics discussed
• The theories or principles used
• The demographic the work is written for or about
• The solutions or recommendations proposed

Remember, the intention of identifying similarities is not to prove one right or wrong. Rather, it sets the foundation for understanding the larger context of your analysis, anchoring your arguments in a broader spectrum of ideas.

Your critical analysis strengthens when you can see the patterns and connections across different works or topics. It fosters a more comprehensive, insightful perspective. And importantly, it is a stepping stone in your analysis journey towards evaluating differences, which is equally imperative and insightful in any analysis.

4. Identifying Differences

Identifying differences involves pinpointing the unique aspects, viewpoints or solutions introduced by the text you’re analyzing. How does it stand out as different from other texts?

To do this, you’ll need to compare this text to another text.

Differences can be revealed in:

• The potential applications of each idea
• The time, context, or place in which the elements were conceived or implemented
• The available evidence each element uses to support its ideas
• The perspectives of authors
• The conclusions reached

Identifying differences helps to reveal the multiplicity of perspectives and approaches on a given topic. Doing so provides a more in-depth, nuanced understanding of the field or issue you’re exploring.

This deeper understanding can greatly enhance your overall critique of the text you’re looking at. As such, learning to identify both similarities and differences is an essential skill for effective critical analysis.

My favorite tool for identifying similarities and differences is a Venn Diagram:

To use a venn diagram, title each circle for two different texts. Then, place similarities in the overlapping area of the circles, while unique characteristics (differences) of each text in the non-overlapping parts.

6. Identifying Oversights

Identifying oversights entails pointing out what the author missed, overlooked, or neglected in their work.

Almost every written work, no matter the expertise or meticulousness of the author, contains oversights. These omissions can be absent-minded mistakes or gaps in the argument, stemming from a lack of knowledge, foresight, or attentiveness.

Such gaps can be found in:

• Missed opportunities to counter or address opposing views
• Failure to consider certain relevant aspects or perspectives
• Incomplete or insufficient data that leaves the argument weak
• Failing to address potential criticism or counter-arguments

By shining a light on these weaknesses, you increase the depth and breadth of your critical analysis. It helps you to estimate the full worth of the text, understand its limitations, and contextualize it within the broader landscape of related work. Ultimately, noticing these oversights helps to make your analysis more balanced and considerate of the full complexity of the topic at hand.

You may notice here that identifying oversights requires you to already have a broad understanding and knowledge of the topic in the first place – so, study up!

7. Fact Checking

Fact-checking refers to the process of meticulously verifying the truth and accuracy of the data, statements, or claims put forward in a text.

Fact-checking serves as the bulwark against misinformation, bias, and unsubstantiated claims. It demands thorough research, resourcefulness, and a keen eye for detail.

Fact-checking goes beyond surface-level assertions:

• Examining the validity of the data given
• Cross-referencing information with other reliable sources
• Scrutinizing references, citations, and sources utilized in the article
• Distinguishing between opinion and objectively verifiable truths
• Checking for outdated, biased, or unbalanced information

If you identify factual errors, it’s vital to highlight them when critically analyzing the text. But remember, you could also (after careful scrutiny) also highlight that the text appears to be factually correct – that, too, is critical analysis.

8. Exploring Counterexamples

Exploring counterexamples involves searching and presenting instances or cases which contradict the arguments or conclusions presented in a text.

Counterexamples are an effective way to challenge the generalizations, assumptions or conclusions made in an article or theory. They can reveal weaknesses or oversights in the logic or validity of the author’s perspective.

Considerations in counterexample analysis are:

• Identifying generalizations made in the text
• Seeking examples in academic literature or real-world instances that contradict these generalizations
• Assessing the impact of these counterexamples on the validity of the text’s argument or conclusion

Exploring counterexamples enriches your critical analysis by injecting an extra layer of scrutiny, and even doubt, in the text.

By presenting counterexamples, you not only test the resilience and validity of the text but also open up new avenues of discussion and investigation that can further your understanding of the topic.

See Also: Counterargument Examples

9. Assessing Methodologies

Assessing methodologies entails examining the techniques, tools, or procedures employed by the author to collect, analyze and present their information.

The accuracy and validity of a text’s conclusions often depend on the credibility and appropriateness of the methodologies used.

Aspects to inspect include:

• The appropriateness of the research method for the research question
• The adequacy of the sample size
• The validity and reliability of data collection instruments
• The application of statistical tests and evaluations
• The implementation of controls to prevent bias or mitigate its impact

One strategy you could implement here is to consider a range of other methodologies the author could have used. If the author conducted interviews, consider questioning why they didn’t use broad surveys that could have presented more quantitative findings. If they only interviewed people with one perspective, consider questioning why they didn’t interview a wider variety of people, etc.

See Also: A List of Research Methodologies

10. Exploring Alternative Explanations

Exploring alternative explanations refers to the practice of proposing differing or opposing ideas to those put forward in the text.

An underlying assumption in any analysis is that there may be multiple valid perspectives on a single topic. The text you’re analyzing might provide one perspective, but your job is to bring into the light other reasonable explanations or interpretations.

Cultivating alternative explanations often involves:

• Formulating hypotheses or theories that differ from those presented in the text
• Referring to other established ideas or models that offer a differing viewpoint
• Suggesting a new or unique angle to interpret the data or phenomenon discussed in the text

Searching for alternative explanations challenges the authority of a singular narrative or perspective, fostering an environment ripe for intellectual discourse and critical thinking . It nudges you to examine the topic from multiple angles, enhancing your understanding and appreciation of the complexity inherent in the field.

A Full List of Critical Analysis Skills

• Exploring Strengths and Weaknesses
• Evaluating Sources
• Identifying Similarities
• Identifying Differences
• Identifying Biases
• Hypothesis Testing
• Fact-Checking
• Exploring Counterexamples
• Assessing Methodologies
• Exploring Alternative Explanations
• Pointing Out Contradictions
• Challenging the Significance
• Cause-And-Effect Analysis
• Assessing Generalizability
• Highlighting Inconsistencies
• Reductio ad Absurdum
• Comparing to Expert Testimony
• Comparing to Precedent
• Reframing the Argument
• Pointing Out Fallacies
• Questioning the Ethics
• Clarifying Definitions
• Challenging Assumptions
• Exposing Oversimplifications
• Highlighting Missing Information
• Demonstrating Irrelevance
• Assessing Effectiveness
• Assessing Trustworthiness
• Recognizing Patterns
• Differentiating Facts from Opinions
• Analyzing Perspectives
• Prioritization
• Making Predictions
• Conducting a SWOT Analysis
• PESTLE Analysis
• Asking the Five Whys
• Correlating Data Points
• Finding Anomalies Or Outliers
• Comparing to Expert Literature
• Drawing Inferences
• Assessing Validity & Reliability

Analysis and Bloom’s Taxonomy

Benjamin Bloom placed analysis as the third-highest form of thinking on his ladder of cognitive skills called Bloom’s Taxonomy .

This taxonomy starts with the lowest levels of thinking – remembering and understanding. The further we go up the ladder, the more we reach higher-order thinking skills that demonstrate depth of understanding and knowledge, as outlined below:

Here’s a full outline of the taxonomy in a table format:

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 10 Reasons you’re Perpetually Single
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 20 Montessori Toddler Bedrooms (Design Inspiration)
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Home » Critical Analysis – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Critical Analysis – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Critical Analysis

Definition:

Critical analysis is a process of examining a piece of work or an idea in a systematic, objective, and analytical way. It involves breaking down complex ideas, concepts, or arguments into smaller, more manageable parts to understand them better.

Types of Critical Analysis

Types of Critical Analysis are as follows:

Literary Analysis

This type of analysis focuses on analyzing and interpreting works of literature , such as novels, poetry, plays, etc. The analysis involves examining the literary devices used in the work, such as symbolism, imagery, and metaphor, and how they contribute to the overall meaning of the work.

Film Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting films, including their themes, cinematography, editing, and sound. Film analysis can also include evaluating the director’s style and how it contributes to the overall message of the film.

Art Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting works of art , such as paintings, sculptures, and installations. The analysis involves examining the elements of the artwork, such as color, composition, and technique, and how they contribute to the overall meaning of the work.

Cultural Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting cultural artifacts , such as advertisements, popular music, and social media posts. The analysis involves examining the cultural context of the artifact and how it reflects and shapes cultural values, beliefs, and norms.

Historical Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting historical documents , such as diaries, letters, and government records. The analysis involves examining the historical context of the document and how it reflects the social, political, and cultural attitudes of the time.

Philosophical Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting philosophical texts and ideas, such as the works of philosophers and their arguments. The analysis involves evaluating the logical consistency of the arguments and assessing the validity and soundness of the conclusions.

Scientific Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting scientific research studies and their findings. The analysis involves evaluating the methods used in the study, the data collected, and the conclusions drawn, and assessing their reliability and validity.

Critical Discourse Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting language use in social and political contexts. The analysis involves evaluating the power dynamics and social relationships conveyed through language use and how they shape discourse and social reality.

Comparative Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting multiple texts or works of art and comparing them to each other. The analysis involves evaluating the similarities and differences between the texts and how they contribute to understanding the themes and meanings conveyed.

Critical Analysis Format

Critical Analysis Format is as follows:

I. Introduction

• Provide a brief overview of the text, object, or event being analyzed
• Explain the purpose of the analysis and its significance
• Provide background information on the context and relevant historical or cultural factors

II. Description

• Provide a detailed description of the text, object, or event being analyzed
• Identify key themes, ideas, and arguments presented
• Describe the author or creator’s style, tone, and use of language or visual elements

III. Analysis

• Analyze the text, object, or event using critical thinking skills
• Identify the main strengths and weaknesses of the argument or presentation
• Evaluate the reliability and validity of the evidence presented
• Assess any assumptions or biases that may be present in the text, object, or event
• Consider the implications of the argument or presentation for different audiences and contexts

IV. Evaluation

• Provide an overall evaluation of the text, object, or event based on the analysis
• Assess the effectiveness of the argument or presentation in achieving its intended purpose
• Identify any limitations or gaps in the argument or presentation
• Consider any alternative viewpoints or interpretations that could be presented
• Summarize the main points of the analysis and evaluation
• Reiterate the significance of the text, object, or event and its relevance to broader issues or debates
• Provide any recommendations for further research or future developments in the field.

VI. Example

• Provide an example or two to support your analysis and evaluation
• Use quotes or specific details from the text, object, or event to support your claims
• Analyze the example(s) using critical thinking skills and explain how they relate to your overall argument

VII. Conclusion

• Reiterate your thesis statement and summarize your main points
• Provide a final evaluation of the text, object, or event based on your analysis
• Offer recommendations for future research or further developments in the field
• End with a thought-provoking statement or question that encourages the reader to think more deeply about the topic

How to Write Critical Analysis

Writing a critical analysis involves evaluating and interpreting a text, such as a book, article, or film, and expressing your opinion about its quality and significance. Here are some steps you can follow to write a critical analysis:

• Read and re-read the text: Before you begin writing, make sure you have a good understanding of the text. Read it several times and take notes on the key points, themes, and arguments.
• Identify the author’s purpose and audience: Consider why the author wrote the text and who the intended audience is. This can help you evaluate whether the author achieved their goals and whether the text is effective in reaching its audience.
• Analyze the structure and style: Look at the organization of the text and the author’s writing style. Consider how these elements contribute to the overall meaning of the text.
• Evaluate the content : Analyze the author’s arguments, evidence, and conclusions. Consider whether they are logical, convincing, and supported by the evidence presented in the text.
• Consider the context: Think about the historical, cultural, and social context in which the text was written. This can help you understand the author’s perspective and the significance of the text.
• Develop your thesis statement : Based on your analysis, develop a clear and concise thesis statement that summarizes your overall evaluation of the text.
• Support your thesis: Use evidence from the text to support your thesis statement. This can include direct quotes, paraphrases, and examples from the text.
• Write the introduction, body, and conclusion : Organize your analysis into an introduction that provides context and presents your thesis, a body that presents your evidence and analysis, and a conclusion that summarizes your main points and restates your thesis.
• Revise and edit: After you have written your analysis, revise and edit it to ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and well-organized. Check for spelling and grammar errors, and make sure that your analysis is logically sound and supported by evidence.

When to Write Critical Analysis

You may want to write a critical analysis in the following situations:

• Academic Assignments: If you are a student, you may be assigned to write a critical analysis as a part of your coursework. This could include analyzing a piece of literature, a historical event, or a scientific paper.
• Journalism and Media: As a journalist or media person, you may need to write a critical analysis of current events, political speeches, or media coverage.
• Personal Interest: If you are interested in a particular topic, you may want to write a critical analysis to gain a deeper understanding of it. For example, you may want to analyze the themes and motifs in a novel or film that you enjoyed.
• Professional Development : Professionals such as writers, scholars, and researchers often write critical analyses to gain insights into their field of study or work.

Critical Analysis Example

An Example of Critical Analysis Could be as follow:

Research Topic:

The Impact of Online Learning on Student Performance

Introduction:

The introduction of the research topic is clear and provides an overview of the issue. However, it could benefit from providing more background information on the prevalence of online learning and its potential impact on student performance.

Literature Review:

The literature review is comprehensive and well-structured. It covers a broad range of studies that have examined the relationship between online learning and student performance. However, it could benefit from including more recent studies and providing a more critical analysis of the existing literature.

Research Methods:

The research methods are clearly described and appropriate for the research question. The study uses a quasi-experimental design to compare the performance of students who took an online course with those who took the same course in a traditional classroom setting. However, the study may benefit from using a randomized controlled trial design to reduce potential confounding factors.

The results are presented in a clear and concise manner. The study finds that students who took the online course performed similarly to those who took the traditional course. However, the study only measures performance on one course and may not be generalizable to other courses or contexts.

Discussion :

The discussion section provides a thorough analysis of the study’s findings. The authors acknowledge the limitations of the study and provide suggestions for future research. However, they could benefit from discussing potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between online learning and student performance.

Conclusion :

The conclusion summarizes the main findings of the study and provides some implications for future research and practice. However, it could benefit from providing more specific recommendations for implementing online learning programs in educational settings.

Purpose of Critical Analysis

There are several purposes of critical analysis, including:

• To identify and evaluate arguments : Critical analysis helps to identify the main arguments in a piece of writing or speech and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. This enables the reader to form their own opinion and make informed decisions.
• To assess evidence : Critical analysis involves examining the evidence presented in a text or speech and evaluating its quality and relevance to the argument. This helps to determine the credibility of the claims being made.
• To recognize biases and assumptions : Critical analysis helps to identify any biases or assumptions that may be present in the argument, and evaluate how these affect the credibility of the argument.
• To develop critical thinking skills: Critical analysis helps to develop the ability to think critically, evaluate information objectively, and make reasoned judgments based on evidence.
• To improve communication skills: Critical analysis involves carefully reading and listening to information, evaluating it, and expressing one’s own opinion in a clear and concise manner. This helps to improve communication skills and the ability to express ideas effectively.

Importance of Critical Analysis

Here are some specific reasons why critical analysis is important:

• Helps to identify biases: Critical analysis helps individuals to recognize their own biases and assumptions, as well as the biases of others. By being aware of biases, individuals can better evaluate the credibility and reliability of information.
• Enhances problem-solving skills : Critical analysis encourages individuals to question assumptions and consider multiple perspectives, which can lead to creative problem-solving and innovation.
• Promotes better decision-making: By carefully evaluating evidence and arguments, critical analysis can help individuals make more informed and effective decisions.
• Facilitates understanding: Critical analysis helps individuals to understand complex issues and ideas by breaking them down into smaller parts and evaluating them separately.
• Fosters intellectual growth : Engaging in critical analysis challenges individuals to think deeply and critically, which can lead to intellectual growth and development.

Advantages of Critical Analysis

Some advantages of critical analysis include:

• Improved decision-making: Critical analysis helps individuals make informed decisions by evaluating all available information and considering various perspectives.
• Enhanced problem-solving skills : Critical analysis requires individuals to identify and analyze the root cause of a problem, which can help develop effective solutions.
• Increased creativity : Critical analysis encourages individuals to think outside the box and consider alternative solutions to problems, which can lead to more creative and innovative ideas.
• Improved communication : Critical analysis helps individuals communicate their ideas and opinions more effectively by providing logical and coherent arguments.
• Reduced bias: Critical analysis requires individuals to evaluate information objectively, which can help reduce personal biases and subjective opinions.
• Better understanding of complex issues : Critical analysis helps individuals to understand complex issues by breaking them down into smaller parts, examining each part and understanding how they fit together.
• Greater self-awareness: Critical analysis helps individuals to recognize their own biases, assumptions, and limitations, which can lead to personal growth and development.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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How to Write a Critical Analysis Essay

Written by MasterClass

Last updated: Jun 7, 2021 • 3 min read

Critical analysis essays can be a daunting form of academic writing, but crafting a good critical analysis paper can be straightforward if you have the right approach.

Writing a Critical Analysis

What is in this guide, definitions, putting it together, tips and examples of critques.

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This guide is meant to help you understand the basics of writing a critical analysis. A critical analysis is an argument about a particular piece of media. There are typically two parts: (1) identify and explain the argument the author is making, and (2), provide your own argument about that argument. Your instructor may have very specific requirements on how you are to write your critical analysis, so make sure you read your assignment carefully.

Critical Analysis

A deep approach to your understanding of a piece of media by relating new knowledge to what you already know.

Part 1: Introduction

• Identify the work being criticized.
• Present thesis - argument about the work.
• Preview your argument - what are the steps you will take to prove your argument.

Part 2: Summarize

• Provide a short summary of the work.
• Present only what is needed to know to understand your argument.

Part 3: Your Argument

• This is the bulk of your paper.
• Provide "sub-arguments" to prove your main argument.
• Use scholarly articles to back up your argument(s).

Part 4: Conclusion

• Reflect on  how  you have proven your argument.
• Point out the  importance  of your argument.
• Comment on the potential for further research or analysis.
• Cornell University Library Tips for writing a critical appraisal and analysis of a scholarly article.
• Queen's University Library How to Critique an Article (Psychology)
• University of Illinois, Springfield An example of a summary and an evaluation of a research article. This extended example shows the different ways a student can critique and write about an article
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How to Write a Critical Analysis Essay: Examples & Guide

Critical analysis essays evaluate different subjects, including literature, political movements, advertisements, and theoretical concepts. They assess the strengths and weaknesses of the examined topics. Such papers provide solid arguments backed by evidence.

Our team has prepared an article detailing the structure of this academic writing type and the process of analysis and evaluation. You’ll learn critical essay writing skills and see some tips on handling this kind of assignment. If you’re interested, start reading our comprehensive guide.

🧐 What Is a Critical Analysis Essay?

Critical essays provide an in-depth look at a selected subject. A successful analysis requires expertise in critical thinking, reading , and writing . These techniques help evaluate the points an author tries to make. An essay like this examines the author’s arguments, thesis, and point of view via supporting evidence and logical reasoning. Unlike many other types of work, it focuses on the subject matter instead of personal opinions.

What Is the Difference Between Analysis and Summary?

Students sometimes can’t distinguish between the notions of summary and analysis. We decided to step in and show the differences in their meaning. This way, you’ll make fewer mistakes in the future.

What Type of Language Should be Used In A Critical Analysis Essay?

Because this type of paper is reserved for academic use, it utilizes formal language. Avoid first-person pronouns, slang, and contractions. It’s also best to never include phrases like “I think” or “in my opinion.” Readers already assume that the views presented in the paper are yours. So, the third-person voice is the one to go with.

📚 7 Popular Types of Critical Analysis Papers

You can encounter seven types of critical analysis in your studies. Each will come in handy, depending on their relevance to your assignments.

• Art analysis . This type interprets and examines installations, paintings, and sculptures. You can evaluate composition, technique, and color, including how they influence a work’s meaning.
• Cultural analysis . Students use this method when analyzing works of cultural significance, such as social media posts, ads, and pop music. It allows them to look at the context of the work and its influence in shaping cultural beliefs , norms, and values.
• Film analysis . With this type, it’s possible to interpret and analyze movies. It includes evaluating directing style, editing, cinematography, and sound.
• Historical analysis . This category is reserved for analyzing government records, letters, and diaries. Students use it to assess the context of documents and their influence on the cultural, social, and political scene.
• Literary analysis. You can use this essay type to evaluate literary works (poems, novels, plays, and others) or conduct a character analysis. It lets you look at literary devices such as metaphor, simile, and symbolism and their use in the work.
• Philosophical analysis . You utilize this analysis when examining philosophical ideas and texts. It frequently involves checking the cogency of the given arguments and conclusions. Also, such a type of analysis opens up an opportunity for self-reflection.
• Scientific analysis . You’ll find this type most helpful when evaluating the findings of scientific studies. Here, you consider the methods used in the research, the gathered data, and the conclusions scientists have come to while utilizing critical and logical thinking.

📝 How to Write a Critical Analysis Essay Outline

Creating an successful critique analysis paper requires three stages of preparation:

1️⃣ Examine the subject of your work. 2️⃣ Create an analysis outline with a brief rundown of your thoughts and ideas. 3️⃣ Write the academic paper!

Here, we cover what must be in each segment of your work. This way, you won’t forget anything and will get better results.

Critical Analysis Essay: Introduction

The introductory paragraph of your essay should be clear-cut and brief. It’s often divided into two parts that announce the topic and tell readers what the paper will be about. This way, they will know about the overall content of the work.

On average, the introduction should be no longer than 100-150 words. In rare instances, it can be expanded when discussing obscure topics. If you are unsure how to start, look at some introduction examples online. Additionally, your introductory part should contain:

• Context . Provide some background information about the topic so that even people unfamiliar with it can get some sense of your work. Mention its name, the author, and the cultural or historical context of the piece.
• Hook . Your work must begin with a hook sentence that catches the reader’s eye. Use surprising facts, quotes, or statistics to make them continue reading.

Critical Analysis Thesis Statement

After the introduction, work on a powerful thesis statement for your paper. In plain terms, it’s a claim you’ll prove in your work. Make it specific and leave no room for interpretation so that your readers understand what your work is about. If possible, have it encompass the main argument of your paper.

A good thesis statement has three qualities:

• It’s debatable . A strong thesis is not just a statement of fact but an argument that can be analyzed. It invites discussion rather than asserting something obvious or generally accepted.
• I t’s brief . Polish the thesis statement until it fits a single sentence. Making it a bit longer is possible, given that you provide only the most essential information.
• It gives details . Another sign of a good thesis statement is the specific details it provides. Tell readers about the topic you’ll analyze in your essay. Ideally, the statement will appear in the first paragraph of your work.

Critical Analysis Essay: Body Paragraphs

The body is where you show your evaluation skills through facts and logic. You can divide this portion of the essay into facts and their analysis. You should answer five questions: why, what, when, where, and how. The level of detail you provide depends on the target audience. A well-written paper has the following elements:

• Analysis . Each paragraph must analyze the work in detail. Talk about its techniques, ideas, and main themes.
• Counterarguments . Your critical analysis paper should address potential counterarguments readers can come up with. They can be either refuted or simply acknowledged.
• Interpretation . Besides analysis, the body interprets the piece’s significance and meaning. Tell readers what the work tries to tell about human nature and society.
• Topic sentence . Begin all body paragraphs with a topic sentence. They should outline the central argument or point of the paragraph.
• Transitions . Include transitional words and phrases to create a flowing narrative and maintain the logical structure. This also helps demonstrate the relationship between ideas and arguments.

Critical Analysis Essay: Conclusion

Your paper must end with a solid conclusion that summarizes the introduction and body paragraphs. On average, the conclusion is two paragraphs long and provides the main ideas of your writing. It’s your final chance to leave a lasting impression on your audience. Readers should be able to understand the main idea of the entire essay by reading only the last paragraphs.

Good conclusions have the following elements:

• A summary of the main points . Repeat the main arguments and facts presented in the work to reinforce your thesis.
• Final thoughts on the matter . Wrap things up with final observations and ideas about the subject of your research. It can be a question or a call to action.
• Implications . Talk about the impact of your work and what it tells about the topic. This puts your analysis into context and makes it relevant.
• Previously stated informatio n. Never include new facts and data in the final section of the paper. It should only cover what was previously analyzed.
• A reiteration of the thesis . A conclusion should start with a rephrased thesis statement. This way, you make readers remember it and provide a sense of closure.

🖊️ Critical Analysis Essay Example Template

Check out the following sample template for the most common format you can use to write and outline ideas for your upcoming critical analysis paper.

🤩 9 Tips for Creating an Engaging Critical Analysis Essay

Everybody has their own opinion when it comes to making an engaging essay. However, the following tips apply to many types of critical analysis papers.

• Stay objective . Don’t include personal biases or opinions in your writing. Remain objective and support your arguments with evidence.
• Make your writing formal . A critical essay paper uses a formal tone and academic language. That makes you more credible in the eyes of professors and readers.
• Don’t judge . While your work must be critical, it shouldn’t include unsavory statements or judgments about the subject or its author. Concentrate on its themes and techniques.
• Work with an outline . Before writing your paper, create a template with its main ideas. This way, you’ll improve the structure of the piece.
• Provide supporting evidence . A good paper contains evidence and facts supporting your arguments. These can be quotes or examples from the work.
• Stay clear and brief . The essay must have plain language that communicates its message. There’s no need to include complex terminology and technical jargon .
• Include different perspectives . A well-written paper considers an issue from multiple perspectives. Go into some detail about how the work can be interpreted.
• Use vivid language . Interesting phrases and sentences can help maintain the reader’s attention but ensure your writing reflects the complexity of your analysis.
• Proofread your essay . Pay attention to the logic of your narrative and grammatical errors. If you were in a hurry, there may be inaccuracies, and it’s worth correcting before submission.

What Not to Do in Critical Analysis?

There are several things that you should avoid:

• Never cite unreliable sources and present arguments that lack a factual basis.
• Don’t summarize the subject too much, as it’s not the purpose of critical analysis.
• Finally, never neglect the referencing rules and proofreading your paper.

Follow these tips, and your report will surely impress your professors.

💡 How to Select the Topic for a Critical Analysis Paper

Sometimes, you have too many good ideas for an essay. But several tips can make this process a lot easier:

• Write about something you’re passionate about. Find a topic that you’re genuinely interested in exploring. Choosing something random won’t work, and it will show in your writing. Look around for some ideas and title examples to select one that you’ll enjoy researching.
• Find your argument . Your paper can fall apart even if you have an exciting topic but can’t interpret it well. This can happen because the subject is too niche or broad to pin down.
• Research thoroughly . A paper is only as good as the research you conduct. Take some time and build your factual base to have enough content when writing your essay.
• Be unbiased . When you work, stay objective. If you’re writing about something you strongly oppose, you better steer clear of the topic. Otherwise, your paper will become too biased.
• Find the target audience . Lastly, it would help if you considered who the critical analysis paper is geared towards. You can make it all about impressing professors or making fellow students appreciate the subject of your work.

15 Best Topic Ideas for a Critical Analysis Essay

• Critical essay on global warming and its consequences
• A critical look at US foreign policy
• Pros and cons of the Second Amendment
• A critical evaluation of democracy
• The Godfather : A critical analysis
• Is The Great Gatsby the great American novel?
• Modern education: A critique
• Is The Adventures of Arsene Lupin an unconventional crime novel?
• Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond
• The pitfalls of communism
• L. A. Confidential : A film analysis
• A critical look at the housing market
• Why Die Hard is the perfect Christmas movie
• A critical analysis of the two-party system
• Climate change: Made up or real?

👍 Good Critical Analysis Examples

Learning from examples is much better than having only theoretical knowledge. You can benefit from several essay examples prepared by our experts. They might give you a better understanding of how to write such assignments:

• Critical Analysis of Moonlight by Barry Jenkins . This paper talks about the movie Moonlight, which follows the life of a man named Chiron. The film depicts his struggle with masculinity, abuse, and sexuality.
• Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Critical Analysis Essay . The essay deconstructs the themes of Frankenstein. Particularly its religious symbolism, depiction of god, and human nature.
• A Critical Analysis of the Participant-Oriented Approach to Evaluation . The paper gives a critical look at the way the educational process is conducted at Bard College. Its analysis heavily relies on the data collected from the participants of the Bachelor’s program in Art History and Visual Culture.
• Critical Analysis on Nissan with Rio Tinto and Vestas . In this essay, the author reviews and compares the companies Nissan, Rio Tinto, and Vestas. It focuses on how each of them conducts their business, emphasizing Nissan’s achievements.

We did our best to give you all the necessary information to make a tremendous critical analysis paper. Also, check out our article about art criticism essay and share this guide with friends who will find it helpful in their academic pursuits.

📎 References

• Writing Critical Essays about Literature. – Gallaudet University
• Organizing a Critical Analysis Essay. – University of Idaho
• Critical Essay. – Nova Southeastern University
• Academic Writing. – Bowie State University
• How to Write a Critical Review (Anthropology and International Development). – The University of Adelaide
• Critical Analysis. – University of Wollongong
• Critical Analysis and Evaluation. – University of Waterloo 1992-2023
• How To Write a Critical Analysis (With Examples and Tips). – Indeed
• Choosing a Topic. – Purdue University
• Writing Critical Analysis Papers. – University of Washington

How to write a critical analysis essay

Published September 27, 2020. Updated May 30, 2022.

Critical Analysis Essay Definition

A critical analysis essay is an in-depth analysis of a book, poem, painting, film, or any other work.

Overview of Critical Analysis Essay

A critical analysis is different from other essays because it evaluates the effectiveness of the work. While writing this essay, you must try to persuade your readers that your analysis of the work is valid and supported. A critical analysis essay is an important exercise because it allows you to refine your critical thinking skills. In order to analyze the work at hand, you must first read it carefully. For a film or painting, enough time should be taken to absorb the subject at hand for all it’s worth. After critically examining the work, an outline should be written for the critical analysis essay. Once the outline is written, take a step back and analyze the subject before beginning the actual essay.

Once you have determined the effectiveness of the author, create a list of reasons why you think the author’s methods were effective, or why you think they were not. Test your reasoning before moving on to the next step. Once you have finalized your list of reasons, turn each one into a separate paragraph. Each of these paragraphs will explore that specific aspect of your argument in detail. You need to provide evidence for your reasoning. You can do this by referring to the text with quotes, paraphrased summaries, or any other type of evidence you think is necessary. Sum up the main points of your analysis and provide your final judgment on the author’s effectiveness. The conclusion is also an ideal place to discuss any potential implications of your argument.

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How is a critical analysis essay different compared to other essays?

A critical analysis is distinct from other essays because it evaluates the effectiveness of the work. While writing this essay, you must try to persuade your readers that your analysis of the work is valid and supported. You will do this by basing your argument on facts, evidence, and logical reasoning. A critical analysis is certainly not a simple summary.

Why is a critical analysis essay important?

A critical analysis essay is an important exercise because it allows you to hone your critical thinking skills. As you write this essay, you must evaluate the subject on a deep level. You need to really think about what the subject of your analysis is trying to argue or achieve.

Students who write critical analysis essays are required to put forth a point of view and support their arguments with evidence. Teachers assign these essays to test their pupils’ critical analysis abilities.

Planning Out Your Critical Analysis Essay

Study the topic of your analysis.

In order to analyze the work at hand, you must first read it carefully. The same logic applies to a film or painting — take the time to absorb the subject at hand for all it’s worth. Consider visual and other works the same way that you would a written text.

Take detailed notes — keeping track of your ideas is absolutely critical at this stage. Keep an eye out for any controversial ideas or strong opinions put forth by the author, and jot down your thoughts on a notepad or laptop.

As you read the work and take notes, start to think about:

• What the author is trying to achieve or argue. This is the author’s thesis statement.
• What is their writing or other work attempting to say about a particular issue?

Depending on the type of work or the overall approach of the author, their thesis statement may be easier or harder to determine. For example, it’s easier for some students to find a thesis statement in an academic piece of writing compared to a movie, poem, or literary work of fiction.

Once you have determined the thesis:

• Identify the author’s main ideas.
• Search for ideas that support their thesis statement.
• Look for the strategies and methods the author uses to make their point.

Write an outline

Once you have finished critically examining the work, it’s time to write an outline for your critical analysis essay. Creating an outline will help you keep your writing organized. The general structure of your critical analysis essay should look like this:

Introduction

Think about the text before writing.

Once you’ve written your outline, take a step back and analyze the subject before beginning the actual essay.

Reflect on the analysis topic and thesis. Think about:

• What does the author’s thesis mean to you?
• How does their argument affect you?
• What kinds of thoughts or feelings does it evoke in you?
• Are the concepts well defined?
• What evidence is used, if any?
• Does the work argue something?

In addition, take the time to think about the author (or artist, filmmaker, etc.) and ask these questions:

• Could the author’s background have impacted their opinion/thesis?
• Do they have an inherent bias?
• Is their argument “fair” based on the support they provide?

Remember, you’re writing a critical analysis — so don’t be afraid to critique the work! The “critical” in this essay does not have a negative connotation — it does not always mean “to criticize” like you would someone for doing something wrong. The meaning in the context of this essay is more closely related to critical thinking.

Writing your critical analysis essay

The introduction is a brief overview of what you’ll be analyzing in your critical analysis essay. In order to cover all of the necessary information in your introduction, make sure to mention the following:

• Publication information
• Topic and purpose
• Thesis statement
• How you reacted to the work

Generally speaking, you should end your introduction with your thesis statement. Spend the first portion of the introduction describing the author’s argument. Then spend the latter portion explaining whether or not you think the author succeeded in proving their point. Mentioning your thesis statement at the end of the introduction sets the stage for your analysis and critique.

The next section you’ll need to write is the summary. This is a very quick, surface-level overview of the work, so don’t get too carried away. Try to stick to one paragraph.

Remember, the purpose of this essay is to analyze the author’s argument, not to summarize every little aspect of the work. The summary is the only place in the essay where you’re allowed to sum up the work, as the rest of the essay should be purely devoted to your analysis.

The analysis section represents the main body of your critical analysis essay. Thanks to your earlier research and analysis, you should have a number of points to support your thesis. Refer back to your notes for more insights and ideas.

The thesis itself is pretty straightforward: You’re either arguing that the author made an effective argument, or you’re arguing that they failed to make an effective argument.

On the other hand, the process of actually determining the effectiveness of the author’s argument is complex. In order to determine whether or not the author’s work was effective, you must first clearly define and determine its purpose.

There are three main purposes:

• To persuade
• To entertain

If the purpose was to inform:

• Was the message communicated in a clear and concise manner?
• Did you feel educated?
• Was the information relevant, accurate, and well organized?
• Why or why not? (For all the questions)

If the purpose of the work was to persuade the reader:

• Did the author succeed in changing your point of view?
• What tactics did the author use to accomplish this?
• Did they focus on using reason/logic as a means of persuasion?
• Did they support their argument with facts?
• Were these tactics effective?

If the purpose was to entertain:

• Did the author succeed in their aim? Why or why not?
• How did they use emotions to provoke a response in the reader?
• Were their methods complex, nuanced, and satisfying to the reader?
• How were you affected?
• What kind of emotional response did you have?

The purpose of the work is not the same as the author’s thesis. They may have succeeded in entertaining the reader while still failing to effectively make their argument. To determine whether or not the author achieved their purpose, consider the following:

• The author’s organizational skills
• The intended audience
• The writer’s assumptions about the audience
• Use of language
• Use of imagery

Once you have determined the effectiveness of the author (depending on the purpose of their work), it’s time to defend your stance. This is when you need to use your critical analysis skills.

First, create a list of reasons why you think the author’s methods were effective, or why you think they were not. Test your reasoning before moving on to the next step. Do these reasons actually stand up to scrutiny?

Once you’ve finalized your list of reasons, turn each one into a separate paragraph. Each of these paragraphs will explore that specific aspect of your argument in detail.

Remember, you can’t simply state your opinions. You need to provide evidence for your reasoning. You can do this by referring to the text with quotes, paraphrased summaries, or any other type of evidence you think is necessary.

If you’re having trouble coming up with a list of points to cover, you can refer to this relatively “standard” outline of an analysis section. Each of these topics represents a different body paragraph:

• Organization
• Effectiveness
• Fairness/bias
• Appeal to a specific audience
• How the topic was treated

Within each of these sections, discuss whether the author succeeded or failed in supporting their thesis in the context of that specific subject. For example, did the author’s poor organizational skills hinder their ability to persuade the reader? Did the author succeed in reaching out to a specific audience in order to entertain them based on their unique qualities and predispositions?

Before you turn in that paper, don’t forget to cite your sources in APA format , MLA format , or a style of your choice.

Sum up the main points of your analysis and provide your final judgment on the author’s effectiveness. Don’t repeat yourself. If you must, reword previous arguments made in the analysis section. The conclusion is also an ideal place to discuss any potential implications of your argument.

Here’s a general outline of how you should structure your conclusion:

• Explain whether or not the author was effective in a few short points
• Explain why the author was or wasn’t effective in 2-3 sentences

Example critical analysis essay

Additional tips for writing a critical analysis essay.

• Don’t say “I think” or “in my opinion.” Place the emphasis on the subject, not yourself
• Remember to back up your points with evidence (quotes from the text)
• Don’t assume that your opinion is inherently factual
• Use formal yet persuasive writing
• Don’t be afraid to express a strong opinion
• Don’t include a lengthy summary
• Mention the topic’s relevance in the modern world if possible
• Mention opposing opinions and counter them
• If you have a mostly negative view of the author’s effectiveness, start with your positive points
• If you have a mostly positive view of the author’s effectiveness, start with your negative points
• Carefully revise and edit your essay — ideally with a second set of eyes

Published August 19, 2020.

By Andy Block. Andy received his B.A. in English from the University of South Carolina and his M.A. in comparative literature from the University of New Mexico. After teaching ESL in Asia and Europe as well as public school in New York City, Andy taught writing at a community college for more than a decade before transitioning to a new career in EdTech. He is currently hard at work on a creative non-fiction book and enjoys freelance writing.

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Analytical Essay Guide

Critical Analysis Essay Writing

Last updated on: Feb 9, 2023

Critical Analysis Essay: Expert Guide to Craft a Brilliant Essay

By: Dorothy M.

Reviewed By: Chris H.

Published on: Dec 10, 2019

High school and college students are always drowned in different types of essays throughout their academic life.

A critical analysis essay is another type of academic and analytical essay that requires analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of a piece of literature.

In a critical analysis essay, the term critical refers to analysis and discerning. Here a student analyzes the deeper meaning of the text, its positive and negative points, movie, a painting or other media forms. Instead of focusing on its quality or mood, it focuses on its deeper meaning.

In this detailed guide, we will cover all the necessary aspects about presenting your personal opinion, supporting your thesis, and writing a critical analysis essay.

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What is a Critical Analysis Essay?

A critical analysis essay is an analysis performed on a literary work of art such as an article, book, movie, painting, etc. The purpose of a critical analysis essay is to discuss how a particular idea or theme has been represented or conveyed in the work under analysis.

After critical reading, the writer makes a claim about these ideas and then supports this claim with the help of authentic evidence. We often associate the word “critical” with something negative, however, this isn’t the case.

Let’s say you have finished watching a movie with your friends. You just watched Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, and you pass a comment about how Charlie got lucky when he found the golden ticket. Or, how Willy Wonka shouldn’t have let those misbehaved kids into his factory.

These two comments show a type of judgment, however, when writing a critical analysis essay, your job is to analyze various elements, not to pass judgment. If you were to write a critical analysis essay about Charlie and the Chocolate Factory then your focus should be on something like:

“In Charlie and the Chocolate factory, the director tried to portray the connection between wealth and morality. It compares the innocent and kindhearted kid like Charlie with a modest lifestyle with wealthy and wicked kids.”

Here it can be seen that we have made a claim about the theme that the movie represents. And what the director is trying to convey through this theme and the techniques used to deliver his message. Thus, you can identify the author’s thesis and defend it with evidence from the movie, making it a good thesis statement to write a critical analysis essay.

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Critical Analysis Essay Characteristics

At this stage, we hope that you are clear about the definition of a critical analysis essay and what it is all about. We discussed earlier that you can write your essays on different subject matters ranging from films, visual arts to poetry.

A critical analysis essay is somewhat similar to a literary analysis essay. Both of these essay types involve analyzing a piece of literature. A detailed literary analysis essay guide will help you write a good essay in less time.

A critical analysis essay has the following characteristics.

A Central Claim

Every critical analysis essay makes a claim about the text under analysis. It is typically stated at the start of your essay in the thesis statement. The entire essay is based on it, as you try to defend your claim or argument using evidence in each body paragraph.

In some cases, you can strengthen your argument by presenting a counterargument and use evidence to prove how it is wrong.

Supporting Evidence

Strong and authentic evidence is needed in order to prove and defend your claim. This evidence can be found within the piece you are writing about. If you are writing on a novel, then it can be a dialogue, imagery, choice of words, etc. Read the source carefully and collect relevant contextual evidence for your essay.

Another important element of a critical analysis essay is that it provides a precise summary after making a claim and supporting it.

Critical Analysis Essay Outline and Structure

Similar to other types of essays, a critical analysis essay also follows a proper structure or outline. A critical analysis essay structure comprises an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs, and conclusion.

Learn how to write a critical essay with this step-by-step assistance.

Introduction

The introductory paragraph is the opportunity to educate and inform your reader about your essay topic. Start with a hook sentence to attract the reader’s attention, making them want to read more. Highlight the key ideas of your topic and end it with a strong, arguable, and informative thesis statement.

Irrespective of the type of paper, the most important part of an introduction is the opening lines or the hook. Here is a complete blog on hook examples to enhance your understanding.

Body Paragraph

A good critical analysis essay body covers all the ideas and claims discussed in the introductory paragraph. Here you present your point of view about the work under analysis while using evidence such as quotes and examples, etc.

Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence that will summarize the main idea being discussed. Don’t highlight more than one idea in a single paragraph. These topic sentences will highlight the main idea of the paragraph.

Remember that your goal is to analyze, evaluate and inform your audience about the topic at hand. And this is where it all must take place.

When evaluating any literary piece, keep in mind the following points:

• The overall style.
• Whether it was effective or not?
• What was the author's aim?
• What did he try to achieve?
• The key features and author’s thesis.
• Who was the author's target audience?

Concluding Paragraph

This is the last stage of the writing process. Use this to remove any ambiguity the reader might have by summarizing the main points and ideas. It is a separate paragraph that restates the main themes in an easy-to-understand way.

Critical Analysis Essay Template

We have discussed and explained the entire outline for a critical analysis essay in this blog. Still, for your ease and to give you something handy, we have added a downloadable essay template below.

CRITICAL ESSAY TEMPLATE

Critical Analysis Essay Examples

Want to learn something real quick and easy? Learn from examples. Following are some critical analysis examples that will assist you in understanding the different essay sections and ways of adding the right and credible content.

ME TALK PRETTY ONE DAY CRITICAL ANALYSIS ESSAY

HAMLET CRITICAL ANALYSIS ESSAY

Critical Analysis Essay Topics

If your professor has given you the freedom to choose your desired topic, then these topics will prove useful.

• Analyze and discuss how a particular character evolved over time in your favorite novel.
• Examine the setting in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens.
• Write about the background of your favorite author and analyze how it affects his/her writing style.
• Analyze the use of irony in a short play.
• Analyze the climax of Hamlet.
• Analyze and examine an important dialogue of a movie.
• Critically analyze the mood of a play and how the author has created that mood.
• Analyze the worst movie you have ever watched. And discuss what makes it this bad.
• Evaluate a movie based on real-life or a novel.
• Examine imagery in a poem.

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We hope that this guide was helpful in making critical analysis essays easier to understand. However, if you lack good writing skills, or don’t have the time to finish your task the option to seek expert help is always available.

5StarEssays.com is home to the top professional writers that are experts at providing you with a top-notch academic article, paper, and academic essay, plus some helpful writing tips to write your critical analysis paper.

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Frequently Asked Questions

How do you start a critical analysis essay.

You should begin your critical essay with a hook and an attention grabber. A hook will help you to engage your readers and make them stay with your essay till the end.

How many paragraphs is a critical essay?

Your critical essay must contain at least five paragraphs. The number of paragraphs depends on the scope of the essay and could be more than five also.

Can critical essays be in the first person?

No, critical essays could and ‘should’ not be in the first person. Since you are evaluating someone else’s work and the observations should be unbiased, using the first person is not appropriate.

Economics, Thesis

Dorothy M. is an experienced freelance writer with over five years of experience in the field. She has a wide client base, and her customers keep returning to her because of her great personalized writing. Dorothy takes care to understand her clients' needs and writes content that engages them and impresses their instructors or readers.

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How to write a critical analysis

Unlike the name implies a critical analysis does not necessarily mean that you are only exploring what is wrong with a piece of work. Instead, the purpose of this type of essay is to interact with and understand a text. Here’s what you need to know to create a well-written critical analysis essay.

What is a critical analysis?

A critical analysis examines and evaluates someone else’s work, such as a book, an essay, or an article. It requires two steps: a careful reading of the work and thoughtful analysis of the information presented in the work.

Although this may sound complicated, all you are doing in a critical essay is closely reading an author’s work and providing your opinion on how well the author accomplished their purpose.

Critical analyses are most frequently done in academic settings (such as a class assignment). Writing a critical analysis demonstrates that you are able to read a text and think deeply about it. However, critical thinking skills are vital outside of an educational context as well. You just don’t always have to demonstrate them in essay form.

How to outline and write a critical analysis essay

Writing a critical analysis essay involves two main chunks of work: reading the text you are going to write about and writing an analysis of that text. Both are equally important when writing a critical analysis essay.

Step one: Reading critically

The first step in writing a critical analysis is to carefully study the source you plan to analyze.

If you are writing for a class assignment, your professor may have already given you the topic to analyze in an article, short story, book, or other work. If so, you can focus your note-taking on that topic while reading.

Other times, you may have to develop your own topic to analyze within a piece of work. In this case, you should focus on a few key areas as you read:

• What is the author’s intended purpose for the work?
• What techniques and language does the author use to achieve this purpose?
• How does the author support the thesis?
• Who is the author writing for?
• Is the author effective at achieving the intended purpose?

Once you have carefully examined the source material, then you are ready to begin planning your critical analysis essay.

Step two: Writing the critical analysis essay

Taking time to organize your ideas before you begin writing can shorten the amount of time that you spend working on your critical analysis essay. As an added bonus, the quality of your essay will likely be higher if you have a plan before writing.

Here’s a rough outline of what should be in your essay. Of course, if your instructor gives you a sample essay or outline, refer to the sample first.

• Background Information

Critical Analysis

Here is some additional information on what needs to go into each section:

Background information

In the first paragraph of your essay, include background information on the material that you are critiquing. Include context that helps the reader understand the piece you are analyzing. Be sure to include the title of the piece, the author’s name, and information about when and where it was published.

“Success is counted sweetest” is a poem by Emily Dickinson published in 1864. Dickinson was not widely known as a poet during her lifetime, and this poem is one of the first published while she was alive.

After you have provided background information, state your thesis. The thesis should be your reaction to the work. It also lets your reader know what to expect from the rest of your essay. The points you make in the critical analysis should support the thesis.

Dickinson’s use of metaphor in the poem is unexpected but works well to convey the paradoxical theme that success is most valued by those who never experience success.

The next section should include a summary of the work that you are analyzing. Do not assume that the reader is familiar with the source material. Your summary should show that you understood the text, but it should not include the arguments that you will discuss later in the essay.

Dickinson introduces the theme of success in the first line of the poem. She begins by comparing success to nectar. Then, she uses the extended metaphor of a battle in order to demonstrate that the winner has less understanding of success than the loser.

The next paragraphs will contain your critical analysis. Use as many paragraphs as necessary to support your thesis.

Discuss the areas that you took notes on as you were reading. While a critical analysis should include your opinion, it needs to have evidence from the source material in order to be credible to readers. Be sure to use textual evidence to support your claims, and remember to explain your reasoning.

Dickinson’s comparison of success to nectar seems strange at first. However the first line “success is counted sweetest” brings to mind that this nectar could be bees searching for nectar to make honey. In this first stanza, Dickinson seems to imply that success requires work because bees are usually considered to be hard-working and industrious.

In the next two stanzas, Dickinson expands on the meaning of success. This time she uses the image of a victorious army and a dying man on the vanquished side. Now the idea of success is more than something you value because you have worked hard for it. Dickinson states that the dying man values success even more than the victors because he has given everything and still has not achieved success.

This last section is where you remind the readers of your thesis and make closing remarks to wrap up your essay. Avoid summarizing the main points of your critical analysis unless your essay is so long that readers might have forgotten parts of it.

In “Success is counted sweetest” Dickinson cleverly upends the reader’s usual thoughts about success through her unexpected use of metaphors. The poem may be short, but Dickinson conveys a serious theme in just a few carefully chosen words.

What type of language should be used in a critical analysis essay?

Because critical analysis papers are written in an academic setting, you should use formal language, which means:

• No contractions
• Avoid first-person pronouns (I, we, me)

Do not include phrases such as “in my opinion” or “I think”. In a critical analysis, the reader already assumes that the claims are your opinions.

Your instructor may have specific guidelines for the writing style to use. If the instructor assigns a style guide for the class, be sure to use the guidelines in the style manual in your writing.

Additional t ips for writing a critical analysis essay

To conclude this article, here are some additional tips for writing a critical analysis essay:

• Give yourself plenty of time to read the source material. If you have time, read through the text once to get the gist and a second time to take notes.
• Outlining your essay can help you save time. You don’t have to stick exactly to the outline though. You can change it as needed once you start writing.
• Spend the bulk of your writing time working on your thesis and critical analysis. The introduction and conclusion are important, but these sections cannot make up for a weak thesis or critical analysis.
• Give yourself time between your first draft and your second draft. A day or two away from your essay can make it easier to see what you need to improve.

Frequently Asked Questions about critical analyses

In the introduction of a critical analysis essay, you should give background information on the source that you are analyzing. Be sure to include the author’s name and the title of the work. Your thesis normally goes in the introduction as well.

A critical analysis has four main parts.

• Introduction

The focus of a critical analysis should be on the work being analyzed rather than on you. This means that you should avoid using first person unless your instructor tells you to do otherwise. Most formal academic writing is written in third person.

How many paragraphs your critical analysis should have depends on the assignment and will most likely be determined by your instructor. However, in general, your critical analysis paper should have three to six paragraphs, unless otherwise stated.

Your critical analysis ends with your conclusion. You should restate the thesis and make closing remarks, but avoid summarizing the main points of your critical analysis unless your essay is so long that readers might have forgotten parts of it.

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How to Write a Critical Analysis Essay: Step-by-Step Guide

Many students are asked to write a critical analysis essay during their academic life, and many get confused about what it is. If you’ve ever seen a piece of text and disagreed with the author based on some facts or opinions, you’ve done half the job already. That is precisely what this kind of text is all about: critically analyzing something and giving your own opinions. Let’s go over this kind of paper in more detail to help you write this text quickly and easily the next time you’re tasked with it.

What is a Critical Analysis Essay?

A critical analysis paper requires you to critically analyze a topic. The focus of the assignment can be on anything from a movie to a historical event. You can write about something’s weaknesses and strengths, or its validity based on supporting evidence. Your analysis paper should cover the subject completely, and you should explain it in detail. Once that is covered, then you should move on to providing your analysis in the form of your opinions. This is not easy for every student though, which is using a service like Edusson is often a good idea to ensure your work gets done on time. Not only will you get an excellent academic paper from a professional author but you’ll also get to see what an effective essay looks like.

Difference: Critical Analysis Essay & Other Essay Types

Critical analysis essays differ from other types in different ways. Here are the most important differences to note:

• In this text, you give solid points for or against the topic, after carefully analyzing it. By the end of this text, your reader should have a very clear idea of your opinion on the subject being discussed. Other essay types usually don’t require such a subjective take on the topic.
• This text is written very formally. Even though you’re writing about your personal opinions, it is important to keep the tone formal. Other papers may give you more freedom to talk casually.
• When learning how to write a critical analysis essay, it’s important to note that you shouldn’t take too much help from other writers. Yes, you can use their words or research to support your argument but leaning on others’ opinions too much is not recommended. This is very different from a scientific or an argumentative paper in which you need to support your claims.

How to Format a Critical Analysis Essay?

Writing a critical analysis essay requires you to follow the right kind of structure. Understanding proper essay structure is difficult for many college-goers. If you’re one of them, you can simply buy your essay online and forget the hassle of formatting everything by yourself.

Critical Analysis Essay Structure

Now that you know about the basic portions of this text, let’s go over how to structure each portion and what it should contain:

Introduction

This is the start of your text and the part where you need to hook your target audience. Most essay writing guides will tell you that it shouldn’t be very long. Make sure this is not more than two paragraphs. This portion should also contain a thesis statement, which lays out your overall opinion which you will then dive deeper into later.

Whenever you write an essay or have custom essays to buy online, most of the importance is given to the body paragraphs. This is the portion of your text where you give your opinions on the subject and try to convince the readers of what you think. It’s a good idea to divide the body into multiple passages. Start with a summary of your thoughts and then go into more detail. You must have all the background knowledge needed to make your opinion stronger. You can also use other people’s work to solidify your position on the subject. Knowing how to reference everything properly is crucial for any academic text, and this kind of writing is no different.

The essay should end in the form of a concluding statement that brings all your thoughts together. Write some words about the essential insights you’ve mentioned but remember not to write the same things over and over again. Proudly own your thoughts in this ending portion of your essay.

Writing a Critical Analysis Essay: Main Steps

Crafting this kind of paper doesn’t require anything specific other than an actual review of the topic. Like with any good text, be it a classification essay or a critical one, you should follow a structure when crafting this text. Your text should have formal language. It must also be based on a strict analysis of the information presented to you. While you do have the freedom to express either positive or negative thoughts, these should have a solid base underneath them. This base can come from someone’s scientific study or article, for example. Don’t forget to cite all your sources at the end of your essay though.

Once you have all the information you want to write, creating an essay outline is very helpful before you start finalizing your words. This will give you a plan of action for your essay based on your critical analysis. Don’t be afraid to take someone else’s opinion on your critical analysis piece. Show it to a friend or your professor to see if they find your thoughts believable. This will give you valuable feedback about your work. Take this feedback into account and make any edits you see fit.

When you think you’re done with your work, go over it again and modify any parts you think can be better. It takes a lot of time and edits to come up with a critical analysis piece that can make others think about your point of view and take it seriously.

The Dos and Don’ts in Critical Analysis Essay Writing

There are many things that should be taken into account when writing. Whether it’s rebuttal essays you’re creating or pieces that rely on critical analysis, keeping in mind the dos and don’ts will help you do a much better job. If you’re still unsure of how to write a critical analysis essay, here’s what you should and shouldn’t do:

• Analyze the subject carefully and do your research before forming a thought. The more solid your research skills, the more believable your opinion will come across as.
• Use formal language and a rich vocabulary to express your ideas.
• Be critical of the point being discussed and don’t shy away from disagreeing with someone else.
• Follow a structure to make your work easily digestible.
• Create an outline for your essay before writing the final text.
• Cite each source and follow the academic citation style relevant to your text.
• Come up with a captivating title that makes people want to read your work.
• Don’t rely on casual wording and informal writing.
• Don’t make arguments you cannot back up either with logic or some reputable source.
• Don’t get lost in your own thinking and create long passages that are hard to read.
• Don’t make your concluding passage repetitive and/or arbitrary.
• Don’t just skim over the subject but rather explain it to show you understand it before going on to give your thoughts on it.

Once you follow these simple tips, you can create excellent critical analysis pieces that showcase your knowledge of the topic and also let you share your opinion on it. Furthermore, if you are struggling to create a critical analysis, you can always purchase a paper for college to ensure that you don’t miss out on any important deadlines. Doing so will also help you get a better understanding of how to craft a successful critical analysis piece on your own.

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How To Write A Critical Analysis Essay With Examples

Declan Gessel

May 4, 2024

A Critical Analysis Essay is a form of academic writing that requires students to extract information and critically analyze a specific topic. The task may seem daunting, but with the right approach, it can become an exciting task. 

Critical Analysis Essays help students improve their analytical skills and foster principles of logic. In this article, we are going to discuss how to write an essay and break it down for you. So sit back, relax, and enjoy the ride!

Table Of Content

What is a critical analysis essay, why the subject of your critical analysis essay is important, 5 reading strategies for critical analysis essay, building the body of your analysis, 5 things to avoid when writing your critical analysis essay, write smarter critical analysis essay with jotbot — start writing for free today.

When you write a critical analysis essay, you move beyond recounting the subject's main points and delve into examining it with a discerning eye. The goal? To form your own insights about the subject, based on the evidence you gather. 

This involves dissecting and contemplating the author's arguments , techniques, and themes while also developing your own critical response. While forming your own conclusions may sound intimidating, it's a key aspect of fine-tuning your critical thinking skills and organizing your thoughts into a cohesive, argumentative response. 

Key Skills in the Craft

This process consists of two key elements: understanding the core components of the subject and forming your own critical response, both supported by evidence. The first part involves grasping the subject's main arguments, techniques, and themes. The second part entails taking that knowledge and constructing your analytical and evaluative response. 

Deconstructing the Subject

In other words, roll up your sleeves and get deep into the subject matter. Start by identifying the author's main point, deconstructing their arguments, examining the structure and techniques they use, and exploring the underlying themes and messages. By engaging with the subject on this level, you'll have a thorough understanding of it and be better prepared to develop your own response. 

The Power of Evidence

Remember that evidence is your secret weapon for crafting a convincing analysis. This means going beyond summarizing the content and instead using specific examples from the subject to support your own arguments and interpretations. Evidence isn't just about facts, either; it can also be used to address the effectiveness of the subject, highlighting both its strengths and weaknesses. 

The Art of Evaluation

Lastly, put your evaluation skills to work. Critically assess the subject's effectiveness, pinpointing its strengths and potential shortcomings. From there, you can offer your own interpretation, supported by evidence from the subject itself. This is where you put everything you've learned about the subject to the test, showcasing your analytical skills and proving your point.

Related Reading

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Let’s delve on the importance of understanding the Work you'll be analyzing:

Main Argument

When diving into a work, one must unravel the central point or message the author is conveying. All other analyses stem from this fundamental point. By identifying and comprehending the main argument, one can dissect the various elements that support it, revealing the author's stance or point of view.

Themes are the underlying concepts and messages explored in the subject matter. By venturing into the depths of themes, one can unravel the layers of meaning within the work. Understanding these underlying ideas not only enriches the analysis but also sheds light on the author's intentions and insights.

Structure & Techniques

Understanding how the work is built - be it a chronological story, persuasive arguments, or the use of figurative language - provides insight into the author's craft. Structure and techniques can influence the way the work is perceived, and by dissecting them, one can appreciate the intricacies of the author's style and the impact it has on the audience.

In critical analysis, understanding the context can add an extra layer of depth to the analysis. Considering the historical, social, or cultural context in which the work was created can provide valuable insights into the author's influences, intentions, and the reception of the work. While not always necessary, contextual analysis can elucidate aspects of the work that might otherwise go unnoticed.

To conduct a comprehensive critical analysis , understanding the work you'll be analyzing is the foundation on which all other interpretations rely. By identifying the main argument, themes, structure, techniques, and context, a nuanced and insightful analysis can be crafted. This step sets the stage for a thorough examination of the work, bringing to light the nuances and complexities that make critical analysis a valuable tool in literary and artistic exploration.

1. Close Reading: Go Deeper Than Skimming

Close reading is a focused approach to reading where you don't just skim the text. Instead, you pay close attention to every word, sentence, and detail. By doing this, you can uncover hidden meanings, themes, and literary devices that you might miss if you were reading too quickly. I recommend underlining or annotating key passages, literary devices, or recurring ideas. This helps you remember these important details later on when you're writing your critical analysis essay.

2. Active Note-Taking to Capture Important Points

When reading a text for a critical analysis essay, it's important to take active notes that go beyond summarizing the plot or main points. Instead, try jotting down the author's arguments, interesting details, confusing sections, and potential evidence for your analysis. These notes will give you a solid foundation to build your essay upon and will help you keep track of all the important elements of the text.

3. Identify Recurring Ideas: Look for Patterns

In a critical analysis essay, it's crucial to recognize recurring ideas, themes, motifs, or symbols that might hold deeper meaning. By looking for patterns in the text, you can uncover hidden messages or themes that the author might be trying to convey. Ask yourself why these elements are used repeatedly and how they contribute to the overall message of the text. By identifying these patterns, you can craft a more nuanced analysis of the text.

4. Consider the Author's Purpose

Authorial intent is an essential concept to consider when writing a critical analysis essay. Think about the author's goals: are they trying to inform, persuade, entertain, or something else entirely? Understanding the author's purpose can help you interpret the text more accurately and can give you insight into the author's motivations for writing the text in the first place.

5.  Question and Analyze your Arguments

In a critical analysis essay, it's important to take a critical approach to the text. Question the author's ideas, analyze the effectiveness of their arguments, and consider different interpretations. By approaching the text with a critical eye, you can craft a more thorough and nuanced analysis that goes beyond a surface-level reading of the text.

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Let’s delve on the essentials of building the body of your analysis: 

Topic Sentence Breakdown: The Purpose of a Strong Topic Sentence

A powerful topic sentence in each paragraph of your critical analysis essay serves as a roadmap for your reader. It tells them the focus of the paragraph, introducing the main point you will explore and tying it back to your thesis. For instance, in an essay about the role of symbolism in "The Great Gatsby," a topic sentence might read, "Fitzgerald's use of the green light symbolizes Gatsby's unattainable dreams, highlighting the theme of the American Dream's illusion."

Evidence Integration: The Significance of Evidence from the Subject

To bolster your arguments, you need to use evidence from the subject you are analyzing. For example, in "To Kill a Mockingbird," when explaining Atticus Finch's moral compass, using a quote like, "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view - until you climb into his skin and walk around in it," can back up your analysis. It proves that the character values empathy and understanding.

Textual Evidence: Integrating Quotes, Paraphrases, or Specific Details

When you quote or paraphrase text, ensure it directly relates to your analysis. For example, when discussing Sylvia Plath's use of imagery in "The Bell Jar," quote, "I saw my life branching out before me like the green fig tree in the story." This paints a vivid picture for readers and helps solidify your point about the protagonist's feelings of entrapment.

Visual Evidence: Analyzing Specific Elements in the Artwork

If you are analyzing a painting, you can use visual details like color, lines, or symbolism as evidence. For instance, if exploring Van Gogh's "Starry Night," you could delve into the calming effect of the swirls in the sky or the stark contrast between the bright stars and the dark village below. This visual evidence helps explain the painting's emotional impact on viewers.

Analysis & Explanation: The Importance of Going Beyond Evidence Presentation

When examining evidence, don't stop at merely presenting it. Analyze how it supports your thesis. For instance, when exploring the role of the conch in "Lord of the Flies," after showing how it represents order, explain how its loss signals the boys' descent into savagery. By unpacking the evidence's meaning, you help readers understand why it matters and how it connects to your overall argument.

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1. Avoiding Summary vs. Analysis Pitfalls

When crafting a critical analysis essay, it's crucial not to fall into the trap of merely summarizing the subject without offering your own critical analysis. A summary merely recaps the content, while an analysis breaks down and interprets the subject. If you overlook this vital distinction, your essay will lack the depth and insight that characterize a strong critical analysis. Ensure your critical analysis essay doesn't read like an extended book report.

2. Steering Clear of Weak Thesis Statements

A critical analysis essay lives and dies on the strength of its thesis statement, the central argument that guides your analysis. A weak or vague thesis statement will result in an unfocused essay devoid of direction, leaving readers unclear about your point of view. It's essential to craft a thesis statement that is specific, arguable, and concise, setting the tone for a thoughtful and illuminating analysis.

3. Using Evidence is Key

The use of evidence from the subject matter under analysis is instrumental in substantiating your critical claims. Without evidence to back up your assertions, your analysis will appear unsubstantiated and unconvincing. Be sure to provide detailed examples, quotes, or data from the text under scrutiny to support your analysis. Evidence adds credibility, depth, and weight to your critical analysis essay.

4. The Importance of Clear and Supported Analysis

A successful critical analysis essay goes beyond simply presenting evidence to analyzing its significance and connecting it to your central argument. If your essay lacks clear analysis, readers won't understand the relevance of the evidence you present. Go beyond description to interpret the evidence, explaining its implications and how it supports your thesis. Without this analysis, your essay will lack depth and will not persuade your audience.

5. Addressing Counter Arguments

In a critical analysis essay, it's vital to acknowledge and engage with potential counterarguments. Ignoring opposing viewpoints undermines the credibility of your essay, presenting a one-sided argument that lacks nuance. Addressing counter arguments demonstrates that you understand the complexity of the issue and can anticipate and respond to objections. 

By incorporating counterarguments, you strengthen your analysis and enhance the overall persuasiveness of your critical essay.

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The AI video summarization feature of Jotbot allows writers to input videos for summarization and analysis. Jotbot’s AI engine processes the content of the video and provides a concise summary. This feature is particularly useful for writers who need to reference video content in their work but may not have the time to watch the entire video.

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Critical Analysis Essay

Critical analysis essay generator.

The ability to critically analyze information is a valuable skill that is essential for students and professionals alike. One effective way to develop this skill is through writing a Critical Analysis Essay. In this article, we will explore 23+ Critical Analysis Essay examples available in PDF format. We will also provide a step-by-step guide on how to write a Critical Analysis Essay, along with useful links to related resources.

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What is a Critical Analysis Essay?

How to write a critical analysis essay.

Writing a Critical Analysis Essay requires careful examination and thoughtful analysis. Here is a step-by-step guide to help you through the process:

Step 1: Choose Your Subject

Select a piece of literature, artwork, or any other form of media that you want to analyze critically. It could be a book, a film, a painting, or even a scientific study. Ensure that the subject is relevant and interesting to you.

Step 2: Familiarize Yourself with the Subject

Before diving into the analysis, take the time to thoroughly understand the subject. Read the book, watch the film, or study the artwork multiple times, taking notes on important details, themes, and ideas.

Step 3: Develop a Thesis Statement

Craft a clear and concise thesis statement that presents your main argument or interpretation of the subject. This statement will guide your analysis and provide a focus for your essay.

Step 4: Conduct In-depth Analysis

Analyze the subject in detail, examining its content, structure, and context. Use the scientific method to gather evidence, make observations, and draw conclusions. Consider the author’s or artist’s intentions, the target audience, and the historical or cultural background.

Step 5: Organize Your Essay

Structure your essay in a logical and coherent manner. Start with an introduction paragraph that provides background information and presents your thesis statement. Then, develop your analysis in the body paragraphs, using evidence and examples to support your arguments. Finally, conclude your essay by summarizing your main points and restating your thesis.

How is a Critical Analysis Essay different from a Comparative Analysis Essay?

A Critical Analysis Essay focuses on evaluating and interpreting a single subject, while a Comparative Analysis Essay involves comparing and contrasting two or more subjects. Both types of essays Quantitative Risk Analysis critical thinking, but they have different objectives.

Can I use a Critical Analysis Essay in an Academic Essay?

Yes, a Critical Analysis Essay can be incorporated into an Academic Essay . It can serve as a section within the larger essay, providing a detailed analysis of a specific aspect or component.

Is a Critical Analysis Essay the same as a Book Review or an Article Review?

While a Critical Analysis Essay can include elements of a Book Review or an Article Review , it goes beyond simply summarizing the content. A Critical Analysis Essay delves deeper into the subject, examining its strengths, weaknesses, and overall effectiveness.

Text prompt

• Instructive
• Professional

Write a critical analysis essay on the impact of technology on family relationships.

Analyze the themes of freedom and responsibility in

How to Write a Critical Analysis Essay: Examples & Guide

A critical analysis essay is an academic paper that requires a thorough examination of theoretical concepts and ideas. It includes a comparison of facts, differentiation between evidence and argument, and identification of biases.

Crafting a good paper can be a daunting experience, but it will be much easier if you have the right approach. In this guide by our custom writing team, you will find:

• Different types of critical analysis;
• Best ways to structure your essay;
• Two excellent critical analysis essay examples.
• 📝 Critical Analysis Definition
• ✍️ Writing Guide
• ✅ Critical Analysis Types
• 📑 Examples & Tips

📝 What Is a Critical Analysis?

Criticism is the process of appraising things such as works of art and literature. It comes from the word meaning “able to make judgments”. A critical analysis essay is often referred to as a critical thinking essay, critical response paper, critical evaluation essay, and summary and response essay.

When we hear the word “criticism,” we often associate it with negative judgments. However, to criticize doesn’t necessarily mean to find faults. Even though criticism involves active disagreement, it strives to understand the meaning further and evaluate its efficiency. We call it constructive criticism .

In other words, critical analysis is an evaluation of a piece of work that promotes its better understanding . Have a look at this comparison and see what critical analysis is and what it isn’t:

Aside from art and literature, critical analysis is often used in theoretical research, nursing, and social work. In any of these areas, you have an opportunity to exercise your critical faculties.

Analysis in Writing: Definition & Examples

Analysis is a step you take before writing any paper. It’s aimed at evaluating and interpreting the sources. To do it, you break them down and study them in detail. You can learn more from this article on critical analysis by Southeastern Louisiana University .

In the following table, we’ve compiled several forms of analysis in writing and illustrated each type with a topic example:

What Is the Difference between Summary and Analysis?

Students often confuse analysis with summary and get a lower grade as a result. Here is how two notions differ. A summary is a brief restatement of the text’s main points that involves paraphrasing. An analysis is a detailed examination of the evidence that uncovers something new.

Check out this comparison to understand the difference better:

✍️ How to Write a Critical Analysis Essay

Now, we will show you the steps to writing a critical analysis with examples to guide you through this process. Keep in mind that the purpose of your critical analysis paper is to help readers understand a subject to a full extent.

Critical analysis consists of two stages: critical reading and critical writing. Read on to learn more about them.

Critical Reading Examples & Definition

Critical reading a technique that involves discovering and evaluating the text’s meaning and incorporating it into what you already know. It’s the first stage of critical analysis.

According to Cleveland State University, critical reading occurs after you’ve skimmed the research material and decided where to focus your efforts. While you are reading, use the following techniques to stay on track:

• Determine the central claim and identify how it is argued;
• Look for the large patterns that give purpose, order, and meaning to arguments;
• Contextualize the text within an original historical, political, or religious context;
• Distinguish the kinds of reasoning and methodology the text employs;
• Examine the evidence;
• Recognize manipulations.

When it comes to recognizing manipulations, authors use three persuasive appeals to convince their readers of something: ethos , pathos , and logos .

Now, let’s apply the critical reading techniques to an actual text:

The death estimates during the US invasions of Tokyo were exaggerated by a factor of ten to twenty. The wartime casualty estimates were based on inaccurate assumptions. The data was not updated to exclude the civilians’ deaths and justify the strategic decision to drop off an atomic bomb.

• What is the text saying?  US bombs killed up to two million people.
• What is the text doing?  The death estimates were exaggerated to downplay the casualties and emphasize the importance of dropping the atomic bomb.

When you are able to recognize these persuasive modes in your reading, you can master them in writing.

What Is Critical Writing: Definition & Techniques

Critical writing is a process of commenting on another piece of work using several writing strategies. It is the second stage of critical analysis.

Want to know how to write critically? Have a look at the following tips:

• Take a critical stance: recognize that every text comes from a perspective and is subject to interpretation.
• Pay close attention: look not only for the facts but also for explanations.
• Think big picture : put your sources in context with the time it was written.
• Bring yourself in: consider the connections between several texts and add your own perspective.

When it comes to the critical writing, certain strategies can be beneficial. Yet, others are better to avoid. We’ve compiled the most important dos and don’ts in the table below:

Want to learn more? Check out our article on critical writing .

Critical Analysis Essay Topics: How to Choose

Now that you’ve learned about critical analysis, there is a big question to answer: how do you choose the topic for your essay? It might require using a specific strategy to make the right choice.

Many students find it helpful to have a list of critical thinking questions to answer while brainstorming. We’ve prepared them for you:

• Theme : How well does the author approach the central theme? Are the arguments strong enough?
• Organization : Is this piece of work well-structured and easy to follow?
• Audience : Who is the audience? Are there any manipulations the author is using to persuade the reader?
• Tone : Is there a specific tone used by the author throughout their work? How does it affect the reader?
• Bias and informational gaps : Does the author look at their work from several angles? Are there any contradicting arguments or missing information?
• Word choice : Does the author invent new words? Is the vocabulary serious or silly, casual or technical? How does it affect the overall writing?
• Logos : Does the author use logic to prove their point?
• Ethos : Does the author have any proof of their credibility? Do they claim to be an expert? In what ways is the reader’s trust gained?
• Pathos : Does the author use emotion to connect with the reader? Does the writing appeal to common beliefs and values?

Answering these questions will help you with deciding on critical thinking essay topics. If you want some additional inspiration, feel free to use our topic generator .

Critical Analysis Template

After carefully analyzing all of your sources, you can start writing your first draft using our critical analysis template. Use this outline to structure your essay and to ensure your arguments are related to your thesis.

How to Start a Critical Analysis Essay

To create an outstanding opening paragraph, you may want to start it with a hook. It can be a quote from your source or a rhetorical question. Be sure to make it catchy so that it will grab your reader’s attention.

After you’re done with the hook, write the following:

• the work’s title and some background information,
• an outline of the main ideas from your sources,
• your thesis statement.

Here are two introduction examples for your inspiration:

What happens when there is a considerable wage gap between the upper and middle classes? The unsurprising reality forces poor people to use credit cards to pay off their debt. Credit card industries collect interest from those who can’t pay off their debt right away.

A romantic novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is about overcoming social stereotypes in the name of love. Its main character, Elizabeth Bennet, has to fight against her discrimination against wealthy men like Mr. Darcy to find love and be happy.

Critical Analysis Essay: Thesis

A thesis statement is what you are aiming to prove. Ideally, it should be the first thing you write because every other part of your critical analysis paper will be connected to it.

To create a strong thesis statement, you want to start with a broader idea of what you would like to critique. Then, you narrow it down. Choose a debatable thesis so you can back it up with evidence from your sources and anchor your entire paper around it.

The examples below will help you write your essay’s thesis:

People in positions of power are less likely to recognize the social injustice than marginalized groups of the civilian population.

In a 1989 American superhero film Batman, Tim Burton subverts the concept of heroism by refraining Batman from murder and making him morally ambiguous.

Critical Analysis Essays: Summary and Response

The body paragraphs of a critical essay consist of your source’s summary and a response with arguments.

A summary should present specific facts from your source to help your reader understand your arguments better. You can use these sentence starters to structure a summary:

• The book is about…
• The theme of the article is…
• The author argues that…
• The author concludes…
• The main character is…
• The main points are…

The main plot of Elizabeth Bennet’s plan to save her family from poverty intersects with stereotypes that romantic love and marriage don’t go together. She does not accept a marriage proposal from Mr. Darcy because she does not want to be walking proof that women marry for money. The rejected proposal leads Darcy to open up and change Elizabeth’s perception of him.

A response should present your main arguments that support your thesis statement. Each argument is a sub-thesis that connects to your central thesis. It’s crucial to discuss each point in detail and prove it with strong evidence.

Your arguments should be:

• clear, informative, and persuasive;
• well-researched and backed up with solid evidence;
• connected to your thesis.

At first, Elizabeth Bennet sees Mr. Darcy only as a powerful man with wealth and high social status. For her, he represents a marriage of convenience that she is so desperately trying to fight against. After Mr. Darcy attempts to separate Jane and Bingley, Elizabeth gets proof for her ideas about powerful men who do everything in their power to destroy a loving relationship for a better financial suit.

Critical Essay Outline: Conclusion

The final stage of essay writing is to ensure you have proven your arguments. The goal of your conclusion is to remind the reader of your thesis and the essay’s main points. You may also want to leave them with some final statements for consideration.

Keep in mind that the concluding paragraph is not a place to introduce new evidence. Instead, you can do the following:

• Restate your thesis;
• Summarize your main ideas;
• Talk about the work’s overall performance or outcome;
• Identify potential opportunities for further research or investigation.

Elizabeth Bennet struggles with the societal association of marriage with financial stability. Eventually, she marries a rich man, Mr. Darcy, but she marries him for love rather than his money and social status. Her pride and prejudice towards him were destroyed by his acts of kindness and true love. Their relationship had a rough start, but both of them could get their happy ending by breaking out of old beliefs and habits.

✅ Types of Critical Analysis

Choosing the correct type of analysis will help you stay on track with your research objectives. It will give you the anchor to develop your essay around in a systematic manner.

Critical analysis can be categorized into 4 main types:

• Literary analysis gives a critical evaluation of a literary text.
• Article analysis reflects upon arguments presented in an article.
• Media analysis essay interprets messages conveyed through visual media, music, or radio.
• Cultural analysis interprets cultural phenomena and practices.

Literary Analysis: Definition & Characteristics

Literary analysis is an argument that expresses one’s critical evaluation of a poem, novel, short story, or play. A critique of literature has the same characteristics as other types of critical essays. The difference is the kind of information you can include in this type of essay.

Here’s how to analyze literature:

You will find more interesting info in our article on literary analysis essays .

How to Write an Analysis of an Article

Critical analysis of an article aims to analyze the writing strategies and techniques an author uses to develop their argument. The process is a little different than persuading the reader to accept a particular point of view. Here is a sample outline:

Critical Film Analysis: Types & How to Write

Film analysis goes beyond the plot structure and includes composition elements such as camera work, lighting, costume choices, etc. After watching the film at least twice, you can select what type of film analysis you will be performing. Check out the types and see what they’re about:

• Semiotic analysis involves interpretation of signs and symbols within a film.
• Narrative analysis examines the story the film seeks to tell.
• Historical analysis is an examination of a film’s relationship to a cultural or historical context.
• Mise-en-scène analysis is an analysis of compositional elements used in a scene or a single shot.

Once you’ve chosen a topic, use this outline to guide you through the writing process:

You can learn more from our article on film analysis .

How to Write a Cultural Analysis Essay

Critical analysis essay refers to your comment upon one specific cultural aspect that works or doesn’t work in a society. After you’ve chosen a topic for your cultural analysis paper, you can start drafting your outline. Here is how the structure of this kind of paper differs from others:

Critical Analysis Essay Topics

• Critical analysis of qualitative research article.
• Rhetorical analysis of articles on qualitative studies in healthcare.
• American Exodus by James N. Gregory: Rhetorical Analysis. 
• Critical analysis of religion and faith .
• Analyze the sonnet My Mistress’ Eyes by W. Shakespeare .
• Critical essay on issues of cognitive neuroscience.
• A Doll House as an example of feminist literature: rhetorical analysis.
• Conduct a comparative critical analysis of Judaism and Christianity.
• Rhetorical analysis of an Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf .  
• Semantic meaning of The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath .
• Critical evaluation of Seligman articles.
• Analyze psychological literature based on A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by E. Hemingway.
• Rhetorical analysis of literary devices and expressive means in A Good Man Is Hard to Find .
• Analyze the characteristic features of drama using the example of Death of a Salesman .
• Critical analysis of the most popular business strategies .
• Discuss the problem of childhood obesity in Active Living by Van Kann.
• Analyze IT strategies and planning.  
• Critical analysis of a controversial art using the example of Home by Yann Arthus-Bertrand.
• Emotional impact of comedy films.
• Rhetorical analysis of Sophocles’ Antigone as an example of Greek drama.
• Influence of Socrate’s philosophy on the ancient Greek playwrights.  
• Critical analysis of Sophocles’ plays.
• Different sets of values in Everyday Use by A. Walker .
• Analysis of corporate crimes using the example of Lehman Brothers’ scandal.
• Critical analysis of a scientific article based on Nursing Pain Management .
• Different interpretations of A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor.
• Critical analysis of Longinus’ idea of sublime .
• The importance of a teacher’s role in Freedom Writers .
• Critical analysis of the efficiency of CBT.
• Rhetorical analysis of an article on a proactive care program.
• The concept of emotional intelligence: critical analysis.  
• Evaluate implementation of Windsome’s risk management strategy to enhance the company’s response to stress.
• The importance of symbolism in Truman Capote’s Breakfast at Tiffany’s .  
• Critical analysis of Thomas Paine’s pamphlets.
• Rhetorical techniques used in Hamlet by W. Shakespeare .
• In-depth analysis of the modern world’s social issues in The Handmaid’s Tale .
• Social messages in Robinson’s and Kincaid’s stories.  
• Analysis of rhetorical strategies used in Dwellings by Linda Hogan.
• Critical analysis of issues elucidated in A Loss for Words by J. Thurman.  
• Discuss the problems of alienation and perception in The Things They Carried .

📑 Critical Analysis Essay Examples & Bonus Tips

The following writing tips will help you understand how to apply your critical thinking skills in practice and write an excellent critical essay on your own.

Critical Essay Format & Free Samples

Looking for some tips on how to format your paper? This section reflects the latest guidelines for citing your sources with the latest APA 7th and MLA 9th publication manuals.

Before you dive into writing your critical analysis paper, get inspired with some compelling essay examples. The first is a film analysis example. You can download the PDF file below:

The Birds  by Alfred Hitchcock is a thriller that derives its suspense from the violence which stands on the borderline with divine retribution. The birds of the film are the symbol of the said violence and primary actors that contribute to the semiotic revelations of the film.

The following critical analysis essay is concerned with a literary work. You can download it below:

Feminism has been influential in various aspects of society for many decades. With the beginning of women’s emancipation, humanity has progressed not only in political and social life but also in science, culture, and literary studies. A feminist standpoint in literature research points to the limited portrayal of the characters in literary works, which showed the world mainly from a patriarchal perspective.

Here’s the list of critical analysis essay examples. You can check them out to get a better understanding of critical analysis and to gain some inspiration.

• Managing Business Risks: A Critical Analysis
• Nursing Skills for Palliative Care: A Critical Analysis
• Critical Analysis of Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
• Nighthawks by Edward Hopper: Critical Analysis
• Roosevelt and Obama: Critical Analysis of Two Speeches
• “The Love of My Life” by T. C. Boyle Critical Analysis
• Nursing Education-Practice Gap: Critical Analysis
• Affordable Care Act: A Critical Analysis
• Mother Tongue by Amy Tan: Critical Analysis

Bonus Tips: Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is the process of conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information. It is about careful reasoning directed to a goal. The main components of this process include observing, wondering, imagining, experimenting, judging, and deciding.

This type of thinking is instrumental in conducting a critical analysis. To succeed at it, you need to be attentive, confident, and open-minded. Below are some questions that you can ask yourself while thinking critically:

• Why are you being told this?
• What are you not being told?
• Who is telling you this?
• How reliable is this information?
• Are there any manipulations involved?
• How else can you analyze the same material?

Critical thinking is a skill that develops with time and effort. However, you may encounter barriers that can prevent you from making accurate judgments. The following tips will help you overcome them:

• Step back from your personal feelings and biases
• Look for different ways to examine the data
• Check your sources for reliability
• Do your best to detect manipulations in arguments
• Always conceptualize what you are reading
• Challenge your worldview

Want to learn more? Feel free to check out our article on critical thinking essays .

Now you know everything necessary to write a perfect critical analysis essay. Feel free to share this article or leave a comment!

Further reading

• How to Write a Critique Paper: Tips + Critique Essay Examples
• How to Write an Art Critique: Examples & Strategies
• How to Write an Analysis Essay: Examples + Writing Guide
• How to Write a Book Review: Format, Outline, & Example
• How to Write a Rhetorical Analysis Essay: Outline, Steps, & Examples

❓ Critical Analysis Essay FAQs

When analyzing any literary text, it is essential to evaluate the work and use the theme to support your opinion. The response’s goal is to show the reader what the selection of the source and the theme means to you personally.

The purpose of a response to a literature essay is to inform your reader about something interesting and insightful you found in a literary work. It may focus on the characters, plot, or theme of the story.

In a critical essay, choose the formal language and avoid using “I” statements. Focus on the piece you are analyzing, its strengths, and weaknesses. Using the first-person singular will take away the reader’s attention from your argument to you.

A critical source is a source that interprets, analyzes, critiques, and adds to the discussion of the primary source. It is then integrated into critical writing. The best critical sources can be found through library catalogs and scholarly databases.

🔍 References

• Critical Analysis: University of Wollongong
• Some Suggestions on Critically Evaluating Your Reading in History: Carleton College
• Criticism and Critical Analysis: Kansas State University
• Resources for Writers: Analytical Writing: Drew University
• Critical Thinking and Writing: University of Kent
• Writing Critical Essays about Literature: Gallaudet University
• Film Analysis: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• Cultural Critique: Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
• Writing a Critical or Rhetorical Analysis: Bellevue College
• Writing Critical Analysis Papers: University of Washington
• Critical Analysis Template: Thompson Rivers University
• Writing Effective Summary and Response Essays: Colorado State University
• Rhetorical/Critical Analysis: Houston Community College
• Writing Critical Reviews: Queen’s University
• General APA Guidelines: Purdue University
• Using MLA Format: MLA.org
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Home — Essay Types — Critical Analysis Essay

Critical Analysis Essay Examples

Brief description of critical essay topics.

A critical essay is a type of academic writing that evaluates and interprets a literary work, piece of art, or any other medium. It analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the subject, providing a thorough examination of its content, meaning, and significance in a critical manner. Critical essays are essential for developing analytical and critical thinking skills. When choosing critical essay topics, it's important to select subjects that allow for in-depth analysis and meaningful interpretation.

Importance of Writing Critical Essays

Choosing a good topic for critical essays.

• Select a subject that sparks your interest and curiosity. Critical analysis essays thrive when the writer is genuinely interested in the topic, as it fosters enthusiasm and engagement throughout the writing process.
• Choose a topic that has a significant impact on its respective field or society. Opting for subjects with real-world relevance or cultural significance adds depth and relevance to the analysis, making the essay more compelling and impactful.

Popular Critical Analysis Essay Topics

• The portrayal of women in Shakespeare's plays
• The use of symbolism in "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald
• The representation of power in George Orwell's "1984"
• Exploring the themes of isolation in Emily Dickinson's poetry
• Analyzing the role of fate in Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex"
• The impact of the French Revolution on modern politics
• The role of propaganda in shaping historical events
• The significance of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States
• Evaluating the effects of colonialism on indigenous cultures
• Examining the causes of World War I from multiple perspectives
• Analyzing the use of color in Vincent van Gogh's "Starry Night"
• The influence of surrealism in the works of Salvador Dali
• Examining the feminist perspectives in contemporary art
• Interpreting the symbolism in Renaissance paintings
• Critically evaluating the impact of street art on urban culture
• Critically evaluating the policies of a current political leader
• The role of media in shaping public opinion on political issues
• The impact of globalization on international relations
• Examining the effectiveness of diplomatic negotiations in resolving conflicts
• Analyzing the concept of democracy in modern society

Social Issues

• The ethical implications of genetic engineering and cloning
• Analyzing the effects of social media on mental health
• The controversy surrounding immigration policies and their impact on society
• Evaluating the effectiveness of affirmative action programs
• Exploring the intersection of race, class, and gender in contemporary society

Also, don't forget to review critical essay examples to understand how to structure your analysis and develop your arguments effectively. Critical analysis essay examples can provide valuable insights into the critical thinking process and help you refine your writing skills. By exploring a variety of critical essay topics and examining different approaches to analysis, you can enhance your understanding of the subject matter and strengthen your ability to engage critically with complex ideas.

A critical essay is a type of academic writing that analyzes, interprets, and evaluates a text. It can be a book, a film, an article, a painting, or any other form of artistic expression. The key characteristics of a critical analysis essay include a clear argument, well-researched evidence, and a balanced analysis. The goal of this type of essay is to provide a thorough examination of the chosen subject, highlighting both its strengths and weaknesses. Critical analysis essay examples are often used in literature and arts courses, but they can also be found in other disciplines such as sociology, philosophy, and history.

🖋️ Check Out: Exemplification Essays & Topics 📝

When writing a critical essay, it is important to present a strong and well-supported argument. This means that the writer should carefully choose a topic and develop a clear thesis statement. The essay should then be structured in a logical and coherent manner, with each paragraph focusing on a different aspect of the subject. Additionally, the writer should use evidence from the text to support their argument, and provide critical analysis of the material. This may involve examining the author’s use of language, the themes present in the work, or the historical and cultural context in which it was produced.

Overall, a critical essay is a rigorous and analytical piece of writing that requires careful planning and research. It is a valuable skill to master, as it encourages the writer to think critically and engage with the material in a deep and meaningful way. By following these tips, writers can ensure that their critical essays are well-structured, well-supported, and provide a comprehensive analysis of the chosen subject.

How to Write a Critical Analysis Essay

Writing a critical essay requires a thoughtful approach to analyzing and evaluating a subject or topic. Here are some writing tips to help you craft a successful critical essay:

• Understand the Subject: Before you begin writing, make sure you thoroughly understand the subject you’re critiquing. This could be a book, a film, an article, or any other piece of work. Take notes as you engage with the material, paying attention to key themes, characters, and arguments.
• Develop a Clear Thesis: Your thesis statement should be concise and clear, expressing your main argument or critique of the subject. It should provide a roadmap for your essay, outlining the points you will address in your analysis.
• Provide Evidence: Critical essays rely on evidence to support your claims and critiques. This evidence can come from the work itself or external sources such as scholarly articles, interviews, or historical context. Be sure to cite your sources properly.
• Engage with Counter Arguments: A strong critical essay acknowledges opposing viewpoints and engages with them. This demonstrates that you’ve considered multiple perspectives and strengthens your own argument. Refute counter arguments logically and respectfully.
• Organize Effectively: Structure your essay logically, typically with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each paragraph should focus on a specific point or aspect of your critique. Use clear topic sentences and transitions to guide your reader through your analysis.

Remember to revise and proofread your essay thoroughly to ensure clarity, coherence, and correctness in your writing.

Remember that critical essays require you to engage deeply with the subject matter, provide well-reasoned arguments, and support your claims with evidence. By following these tips, you can write a strong and effective critical essay.

Critical Essays and Analytical Essays: Key Differences

Critical essays and analytical essays are both types of academic writing that involve examining and evaluating a subject, but they differ in their primary objectives and approaches:

Critical Essays

• Objective: The primary objective of a critical essay is to offer a critical assessment or judgment of a specific work, such as a book, film, play, or piece of art. It aims to evaluate the quality, significance, and impact of the work.
• Subject Focus: Critical essays often focus on a single work or a specific aspect of it. They analyze the work’s strengths, weaknesses, themes, characters, and overall effectiveness.
• Perspective: Critical essays may include the writer’s subjective opinions, but they should also provide a balanced and well-supported critique based on evidence and analysis.
• Emphasis: While critical essays can incorporate analysis, they prioritize critique and judgment. They may explore the work’s cultural, historical, or social context but with the main aim of evaluating it critically.

Analytical Essays

• Objective: Analytical essays aim to examine a subject in depth and provide a comprehensive understanding of it. They do not necessarily involve judgment or critique but focus on presenting insights and explanations.
• Subject Focus: Analytical essays can cover a wide range of subjects, including literary works, scientific phenomena, historical events, or philosophical concepts. They often explore broader themes or ideas.
• Perspective: Analytical essays maintain a more objective and impartial tone. They require a thorough analysis of the subject, relying on evidence and logical reasoning rather than personal opinions.
• Emphasis: The emphasis in analytical essays is on breaking down the subject into its components, examining its structure, and explaining how it works or why it matters. They often explore the “how” and “why” of a subject.

In summary, critical essays prioritize the evaluation and judgment of a specific work , while analytical essays focus on a broader understanding of a subject without necessarily passing judgment. Both types of essays require careful analysis and evidence, but they have distinct objectives and approaches.

Example of a Critical Analysis Essay by Parts

Introduction:

“In the introduction to a critical essay analyzing F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Great Gatsby,” the writer might start with a quote from the novel that sets the tone for the essay. The introduction should provide background information on the novel and its author, as well as introduce the main argument of the essay. For example, the introduction could discuss the recurring theme of the American Dream in the novel and how it is portrayed through the characters and setting. The introduction should end with a clear thesis statement that outlines the writer’s main argument about the portrayal of the American Dream in “The Great Gatsby.””

Body Paragraphs:

“The body paragraphs of the essay could focus on specific aspects of the novel, such as the characters, symbolism, and themes. For example, one body paragraph could analyze the character of Jay Gatsby and how his pursuit of the American Dream is portrayed. The paragraph would start with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea, followed by evidence from the novel, such as Gatsby’s extravagant parties and his obsession with Daisy Buchanan. The writer would then provide analysis that connects the evidence to the larger argument about the portrayal of the American Dream in the novel. Each body paragraph would follow a similar structure, focusing on a specific aspect of the novel and providing evidence and analysis to support the main argument.”

Conclusion:

“ In the conclusion, the writer would summarize the main points of the essay, restate the thesis statement, and emphasize the significance of the analysis. For example, the conclusion could reflect on the disillusionment of the characters in the novel and how it reflects the failure of the American Dream. The writer could leave the reader with a final thought or reflection on the impact of the novel’s portrayal of the American Dream and its relevance to contemporary society. The conclusion should tie back to the main argument and leave the reader with a lasting impression of the analysis.”

Important Critical A nalysis Essay Examples

You should analyze examples of well-structured critical essays to illustrate the components of a strong critical essay, such as an introduction with a clear thesis statement, well-developed body paragraphs, and a conclusion that ties back to the main argument. These examples of a critical analysis essay can serve as a guide to understanding how to effectively structure their own critical essay.

High School Critical Analysis Essay Examples

These examples are tailored to the level of high school students and may focus on literary works commonly studied in high school English classes, such as “To Kill a Mockingbird” or “The Catcher in the Rye.” The essays should demonstrate a clear understanding of the text, with well-structured arguments and evidence to support the analysis. These examples can serve as a model for high school students to learn how to write critical essays and develop their analytical skills.

College Critical Analysis Essay Examples

These examples are aimed at college-level students and may delve into more complex literary works or academic topics. The essays should demonstrate higher-level critical thinking and analysis, with a focus on developing a sophisticated argument and using scholarly sources to support the claims. These examples can help college students learn how to take their critical writing to the next level and engage with more challenging material.

University Critical Analysis Essay Examples

These critical analysis essay examples are geared toward university-level students and may encompass a wide range of literary, cultural, or academic topics. The essays should demonstrate advanced critical thinking, research, and analysis, with a focus on contributing to the existing body of knowledge in the field.

By providing examples at different educational levels, the writer can cater to a diverse audience and offer relevant models for students at various stages of their academic journey. Each set of examples can help students understand the expectations and standards for critical writing at their particular educational level, and serve as a guide for developing their own critical essays.

Summary: Critical Analysis Essays Writing

In conclusion, critical essay writing is a valuable skill that students can develop at different educational levels. By understanding the key components of a critical essay, such as the introduction, thesis statement, body paragraphs, and conclusion, students can effectively structure their arguments and support their analysis with evidence. Furthermore, providing examples at various educational levels allows students to learn how to tailor their critical writing to meet the expectations of their specific academic level.

📘 Don’t Miss: Expository Essays 📖

It is important to emphasize the significance of critical writing techniques in fostering analytical thinking, research skills, and the ability to engage with complex ideas. Encouraging further exploration of critical writing techniques can help students refine their critical thinking skills and develop a deeper understanding of the texts, topics, and issues they encounter in their academic studies.

By honing their critical writing skills, students can become more effective communicators, researchers, and scholars, enabling them to contribute meaningfully to academic discourse and the broader conversations within their chosen fields of study.

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The Complex Portrayal of Racism in Huck Finn: A Critical Analysis

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What is a Critical essay?

A Critical essay is a type of academic writing that evaluates, interprets, and analyzes a text or a work of art. It involves a thoughtful and detailed analysis of the subject matter, often incorporating evidence and examples to support the writer's argument. Check our critical analysis essay examples to get an idea of what elements are crucial for critical writing.

How to write a Critical Analysis essay?

When writing a Critical essay, it's important to carefully read and understand the text or artwork being analyzed. Take notes, identify key themes and elements, and develop a clear thesis statement to guide your analysis. Be sure to support your arguments with evidence and examples. See our example of a critical analysis essay to see how the author analyzes each claim.

How to start a Critical Analysis essay?

To begin a critical analysis essay, start by thoroughly understanding the text or subject you're analyzing, then formulate a clear thesis statement that expresses your interpretation or evaluation of the material.

How is a Critical essay different from other essay types?

Unlike other types of essays, a Critical essay requires the writer to present a balanced and objective analysis of the subject matter. It is not simply a summary or a review, but rather a deep examination of the strengths and weaknesses of the text or artwork being discussed.

What type of language should be used in a Critical Analysis essay?

In a critical analysis essay, formal and academic language is typically used. This includes precise vocabulary, clear and concise sentences, and an objective tone devoid of personal bias or emotion. Additionally, the language should be analytical and evaluative, focusing on examining the strengths and weaknesses of the subject matter.

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How to Write a Literary Analysis Essay | A Step-by-Step Guide

Published on January 30, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 14, 2023.

Literary analysis means closely studying a text, interpreting its meanings, and exploring why the author made certain choices. It can be applied to novels, short stories, plays, poems, or any other form of literary writing.

A literary analysis essay is not a rhetorical analysis , nor is it just a summary of the plot or a book review. Instead, it is a type of argumentative essay where you need to analyze elements such as the language, perspective, and structure of the text, and explain how the author uses literary devices to create effects and convey ideas.

Before beginning a literary analysis essay, it’s essential to carefully read the text and c ome up with a thesis statement to keep your essay focused. As you write, follow the standard structure of an academic essay :

• An introduction that tells the reader what your essay will focus on.
• A main body, divided into paragraphs , that builds an argument using evidence from the text.
• A conclusion that clearly states the main point that you have shown with your analysis.

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Table of contents

Step 1: reading the text and identifying literary devices, step 2: coming up with a thesis, step 3: writing a title and introduction, step 4: writing the body of the essay, step 5: writing a conclusion, other interesting articles.

The first step is to carefully read the text(s) and take initial notes. As you read, pay attention to the things that are most intriguing, surprising, or even confusing in the writing—these are things you can dig into in your analysis.

Your goal in literary analysis is not simply to explain the events described in the text, but to analyze the writing itself and discuss how the text works on a deeper level. Primarily, you’re looking out for literary devices —textual elements that writers use to convey meaning and create effects. If you’re comparing and contrasting multiple texts, you can also look for connections between different texts.

To get started with your analysis, there are several key areas that you can focus on. As you analyze each aspect of the text, try to think about how they all relate to each other. You can use highlights or notes to keep track of important passages and quotes.

Language choices

Consider what style of language the author uses. Are the sentences short and simple or more complex and poetic?

What word choices stand out as interesting or unusual? Are words used figuratively to mean something other than their literal definition? Figurative language includes things like metaphor (e.g. “her eyes were oceans”) and simile (e.g. “her eyes were like oceans”).

Also keep an eye out for imagery in the text—recurring images that create a certain atmosphere or symbolize something important. Remember that language is used in literary texts to say more than it means on the surface.

Narrative voice

Ask yourself:

• Who is telling the story?
• How are they telling it?

Is it a first-person narrator (“I”) who is personally involved in the story, or a third-person narrator who tells us about the characters from a distance?

Consider the narrator’s perspective . Is the narrator omniscient (where they know everything about all the characters and events), or do they only have partial knowledge? Are they an unreliable narrator who we are not supposed to take at face value? Authors often hint that their narrator might be giving us a distorted or dishonest version of events.

The tone of the text is also worth considering. Is the story intended to be comic, tragic, or something else? Are usually serious topics treated as funny, or vice versa ? Is the story realistic or fantastical (or somewhere in between)?

Consider how the text is structured, and how the structure relates to the story being told.

• Novels are often divided into chapters and parts.
• Poems are divided into lines, stanzas, and sometime cantos.
• Plays are divided into scenes and acts.

Think about why the author chose to divide the different parts of the text in the way they did.

There are also less formal structural elements to take into account. Does the story unfold in chronological order, or does it jump back and forth in time? Does it begin in medias res —in the middle of the action? Does the plot advance towards a clearly defined climax?

With poetry, consider how the rhyme and meter shape your understanding of the text and your impression of the tone. Try reading the poem aloud to get a sense of this.

In a play, you might consider how relationships between characters are built up through different scenes, and how the setting relates to the action. Watch out for  dramatic irony , where the audience knows some detail that the characters don’t, creating a double meaning in their words, thoughts, or actions.

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Your thesis in a literary analysis essay is the point you want to make about the text. It’s the core argument that gives your essay direction and prevents it from just being a collection of random observations about a text.

If you’re given a prompt for your essay, your thesis must answer or relate to the prompt. For example:

Essay question example

Is Franz Kafka’s “Before the Law” a religious parable?

Your thesis statement should be an answer to this question—not a simple yes or no, but a statement of why this is or isn’t the case:

Thesis statement example

Franz Kafka’s “Before the Law” is not a religious parable, but a story about bureaucratic alienation.

Sometimes you’ll be given freedom to choose your own topic; in this case, you’ll have to come up with an original thesis. Consider what stood out to you in the text; ask yourself questions about the elements that interested you, and consider how you might answer them.

Your thesis should be something arguable—that is, something that you think is true about the text, but which is not a simple matter of fact. It must be complex enough to develop through evidence and arguments across the course of your essay.

Say you’re analyzing the novel Frankenstein . You could start by asking yourself:

Your initial answer might be a surface-level description:

The character Frankenstein is portrayed negatively in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein .

However, this statement is too simple to be an interesting thesis. After reading the text and analyzing its narrative voice and structure, you can develop the answer into a more nuanced and arguable thesis statement:

Mary Shelley uses shifting narrative perspectives to portray Frankenstein in an increasingly negative light as the novel goes on. While he initially appears to be a naive but sympathetic idealist, after the creature’s narrative Frankenstein begins to resemble—even in his own telling—the thoughtlessly cruel figure the creature represents him as.

Remember that you can revise your thesis statement throughout the writing process , so it doesn’t need to be perfectly formulated at this stage. The aim is to keep you focused as you analyze the text.

Finding textual evidence

To support your thesis statement, your essay will build an argument using textual evidence —specific parts of the text that demonstrate your point. This evidence is quoted and analyzed throughout your essay to explain your argument to the reader.

It can be useful to comb through the text in search of relevant quotations before you start writing. You might not end up using everything you find, and you may have to return to the text for more evidence as you write, but collecting textual evidence from the beginning will help you to structure your arguments and assess whether they’re convincing.

To start your literary analysis paper, you’ll need two things: a good title, and an introduction.

Your title should clearly indicate what your analysis will focus on. It usually contains the name of the author and text(s) you’re analyzing. Keep it as concise and engaging as possible.

A common approach to the title is to use a relevant quote from the text, followed by a colon and then the rest of your title.

If you struggle to come up with a good title at first, don’t worry—this will be easier once you’ve begun writing the essay and have a better sense of your arguments.

“Fearful symmetry” : The violence of creation in William Blake’s “The Tyger”

The introduction

The essay introduction provides a quick overview of where your argument is going. It should include your thesis statement and a summary of the essay’s structure.

A typical structure for an introduction is to begin with a general statement about the text and author, using this to lead into your thesis statement. You might refer to a commonly held idea about the text and show how your thesis will contradict it, or zoom in on a particular device you intend to focus on.

Then you can end with a brief indication of what’s coming up in the main body of the essay. This is called signposting. It will be more elaborate in longer essays, but in a short five-paragraph essay structure, it shouldn’t be more than one sentence.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is often read as a crude cautionary tale about the dangers of scientific advancement unrestrained by ethical considerations. In this reading, protagonist Victor Frankenstein is a stable representation of the callous ambition of modern science throughout the novel. This essay, however, argues that far from providing a stable image of the character, Shelley uses shifting narrative perspectives to portray Frankenstein in an increasingly negative light as the novel goes on. While he initially appears to be a naive but sympathetic idealist, after the creature’s narrative Frankenstein begins to resemble—even in his own telling—the thoughtlessly cruel figure the creature represents him as. This essay begins by exploring the positive portrayal of Frankenstein in the first volume, then moves on to the creature’s perception of him, and finally discusses the third volume’s narrative shift toward viewing Frankenstein as the creature views him.

Some students prefer to write the introduction later in the process, and it’s not a bad idea. After all, you’ll have a clearer idea of the overall shape of your arguments once you’ve begun writing them!

If you do write the introduction first, you should still return to it later to make sure it lines up with what you ended up writing, and edit as necessary.

The body of your essay is everything between the introduction and conclusion. It contains your arguments and the textual evidence that supports them.

Paragraph structure

A typical structure for a high school literary analysis essay consists of five paragraphs : the three paragraphs of the body, plus the introduction and conclusion.

Each paragraph in the main body should focus on one topic. In the five-paragraph model, try to divide your argument into three main areas of analysis, all linked to your thesis. Don’t try to include everything you can think of to say about the text—only analysis that drives your argument.

In longer essays, the same principle applies on a broader scale. For example, you might have two or three sections in your main body, each with multiple paragraphs. Within these sections, you still want to begin new paragraphs at logical moments—a turn in the argument or the introduction of a new idea.

Robert’s first encounter with Gil-Martin suggests something of his sinister power. Robert feels “a sort of invisible power that drew me towards him.” He identifies the moment of their meeting as “the beginning of a series of adventures which has puzzled myself, and will puzzle the world when I am no more in it” (p. 89). Gil-Martin’s “invisible power” seems to be at work even at this distance from the moment described; before continuing the story, Robert feels compelled to anticipate at length what readers will make of his narrative after his approaching death. With this interjection, Hogg emphasizes the fatal influence Gil-Martin exercises from his first appearance.

Topic sentences

To keep your points focused, it’s important to use a topic sentence at the beginning of each paragraph.

A good topic sentence allows a reader to see at a glance what the paragraph is about. It can introduce a new line of argument and connect or contrast it with the previous paragraph. Transition words like “however” or “moreover” are useful for creating smooth transitions:

… The story’s focus, therefore, is not upon the divine revelation that may be waiting beyond the door, but upon the mundane process of aging undergone by the man as he waits.

Nevertheless, the “radiance” that appears to stream from the door is typically treated as religious symbolism.

This topic sentence signals that the paragraph will address the question of religious symbolism, while the linking word “nevertheless” points out a contrast with the previous paragraph’s conclusion.

Using textual evidence

A key part of literary analysis is backing up your arguments with relevant evidence from the text. This involves introducing quotes from the text and explaining their significance to your point.

It’s important to contextualize quotes and explain why you’re using them; they should be properly introduced and analyzed, not treated as self-explanatory:

It isn’t always necessary to use a quote. Quoting is useful when you’re discussing the author’s language, but sometimes you’ll have to refer to plot points or structural elements that can’t be captured in a short quote.

In these cases, it’s more appropriate to paraphrase or summarize parts of the text—that is, to describe the relevant part in your own words:

The conclusion of your analysis shouldn’t introduce any new quotations or arguments. Instead, it’s about wrapping up the essay. Here, you summarize your key points and try to emphasize their significance to the reader.

A good way to approach this is to briefly summarize your key arguments, and then stress the conclusion they’ve led you to, highlighting the new perspective your thesis provides on the text as a whole:

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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• Appeal to authority fallacy
• False cause fallacy
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By tracing the depiction of Frankenstein through the novel’s three volumes, I have demonstrated how the narrative structure shifts our perception of the character. While the Frankenstein of the first volume is depicted as having innocent intentions, the second and third volumes—first in the creature’s accusatory voice, and then in his own voice—increasingly undermine him, causing him to appear alternately ridiculous and vindictive. Far from the one-dimensional villain he is often taken to be, the character of Frankenstein is compelling because of the dynamic narrative frame in which he is placed. In this frame, Frankenstein’s narrative self-presentation responds to the images of him we see from others’ perspectives. This conclusion sheds new light on the novel, foregrounding Shelley’s unique layering of narrative perspectives and its importance for the depiction of character.

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• Open access
• Published: 31 August 2024

Incidence of post-extubation dysphagia among critical care patients undergoing orotracheal intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis

• Weixia Yu 1   na1 ,
• Limi Dan 1   na1 ,
• Jianzheng Cai 1 ,
• Yuyu Wang 1 ,
• Qingling Wang 1 ,
• Yingying Zhang 1 &
• Xin Wang 1  

European Journal of Medical Research volume  29 , Article number:  444 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

Post-extubation dysphagia (PED) emerges as a frequent complication following endotracheal intubation within the intensive care unit (ICU). PED has been strongly linked to adverse outcomes, including aspiration, pneumonia, malnutrition, heightened mortality rates, and prolonged hospitalization, resulting in escalated healthcare expenditures. Nevertheless, the reported incidence of PED varies substantially across the existing body of literature. Therefore, the principal objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive estimate of PED incidence in ICU patients undergoing orotracheal intubation.

We searched Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, China Science, Technology Journal Database (VIP), and SinoMed databases from inception to August 2023. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data. Subsequently, a random-effects model was employed for meta-statistical analysis utilizing the “meta prop” command within Stata SE version 15.0 to ascertain the incidence of PED. In addition, we performed subgroup analyses and meta-regression to elucidate potential sources of heterogeneity among the included studies.

Of 4144 studies, 30 studies were included in this review. The overall pooled incidence of PED was 36% (95% confidence interval [CI] 29–44%). Subgroup analyses unveiled that the pooled incidence of PED, stratified by assessment time (≤ 3 h, 4–6 h, ≤ 24 h, and ≤ 48 h), was as follows: 31.0% (95% CI 8.0–59.0%), 28% (95% CI 22.0–35.0%), 41% (95% CI 33.0–49.0%), and 49.0% (95% CI 34.0–63.0%), respectively. When sample size was 100 <  N  ≤ 300, the PED incidence was more close to the overall PED incidence. Meta-regression analysis highlighted that sample size, assessment time and mean intubation time constituted the source of heterogeneity among the included studies.

The incidence of PED was high among ICU patients who underwent orotracheal intubation. ICU professionals should raise awareness about PED. In the meantime, it is important to develop guidelines or consensus on the most appropriate PED assessment time and assessment tools to accurately assess the incidence of PED.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Mechanical ventilation is the most common technological support, being required by 20–40% of adult in ICU [ 1 ]. Orotracheal intubation is the primary way of mechanical ventilation in ICU, which can increase the risk of post-extubation dysphagia (PED) [ 2 , 3 ]. PED is any form of swallowing dysfunction that arises subsequent to extubation following endotracheal intubation, affecting the passage of food from the entrance to the stomach. The occurrence rate of PED within the ICU setting demonstrates considerable variation among different countries [ 4 ]. The incidence varied among countries, including 13.3–61.8% in the United States [ 5 , 6 ], 25.3–43.5% in France, and 23.2–56% in China [ 7 , 8 ], and the incidence ranging from 7 to 80% [ 9 , 10 ]. Significantly, PED standing out as a prominent complication encountered in this particular context. For instance, See et al. have elucidated that patients afflicted with PED face an 11-fold higher risk of aspiration compared to those without PED [ 11 ]. McIntyre et al. have underscored that patients afflicted with PED endure double the length of stay in the ICU and the overall hospitalization period when compared to patients without PED [ 10 ]. Furthermore, it is essential to note that PED emerged as an independent predictor of 28-day and 90-day mortality [ 12 ]. This high incidence of PED places an immense burden not only on patients but also on the broader healthcare system. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis is necessary to explore the incidence of PED in ICU patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by McIntyre et al. reported that the incidence of PED was 41%, but the main outcomes of their partly included studies was aspiration [ 12 ]. Although aspiration and PED are closely related, not all aspiration is caused by dysphagia. The incidence of aspiration was 8.80%-88.00% in ICU [ 13 , 14 ], so the incidence of PED in that study may be overestimated. Moreover, there has been increasing literature on PED of ICU patients, and a new systematic review and meta-analysis is needed to obtain a more precise estimate of its incidence.

The incidence of PED may indeed vary depending on various covariates, including assessment time, mean intubation time, age and other relevant factors. First, there is no standard time for swallowing function assessment, which spans a range of intervals, including 3 h [ 6 , 9 , 12 ], 4–6 h [ 15 , 16 ], 24 h [ 17 , 18 , 19 ], 48 h [ 20 ], 7 days [ 21 ], and discharge [ 22 ], and the incidence of PED was 80% [ 9 ], 22.62% [ 15 ], 56.06% [ 18 ], and 35.91% [ 20 ], 22.06% [ 21 ], and 28.78% [ 22 ], respectively. Second, the PED is closely tied to the time of orotracheal intubation. Skoretz et al. have demonstrated that the overall incidence of PED in the ICU ranges from 3 to 4%. However, upon re-analysis of patients subjected to orotracheal intubation for more than 48 h, the PED incidence can surge as high as 51% [ 23 ]. Third, the choice of assessment tool to evaluate PED in ICU patients plays a pivotal role. These assessment tools may include Video-fluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS), Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES), Standardized Swallowing Assessment (SSA), Bedside Swallowing Evaluation (BSE), Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS), Post-Extubation Dysphagia Screening Tool (PEDS), Water Swallowing Test (WST) and other assessment tools. FEES and VFSS are considered the gold standards, with a detection rate of approximately 80% [ 9 ]. SSA and BSE exhibit detection rates of 22% and 62%, respectively [ 5 , 15 ]. Finally, age-related changes in laryngeal sensory and motor functions also influence PED risk [ 24 ]. Notably, there may not be a significant difference in the incidence of PED between elderly and young patients within the initial 48 h post-extubation. However, elderly patients exhibit a significantly slower rate of PED recovery compared to their younger counterparts over time (5.0 days vs 3.0 days; p  = 0.006) [ 5 ]. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the potential source of heterogeneity in the incidence of PED in ICU patients from such covariates.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence of PED among ICU patients who underwent orotracheal intubation and investigate potential sources of heterogeneity through the application of subgroup analyses and meta-regression.

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted adhering to the guidelines outlined in the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewers’ Manual and followed the principles of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement (PRISMA 2020) [ 25 ] (see Additional file 1: Table S1). In addition, it was registered with PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42022373300.

Eligibility criteria

The study’s eligibility criteria were established in accordance with the PICOS principle. Inclusion criteria as follows: population (P): adult patients (≥ 18 years old) admitted to the ICU who underwent orotracheal intubation. Exposure (E): undergoing orotracheal intubation. Outcome (O): PED. Study design (S): observational study (cohort, case–control, cross-sectional study). In studies where multiple articles were derived from the same sample, only the article providing the most detailed data was included. Patients at high risk of dysphagia (such as those with head and neck cancer, who have undergone head and neck surgery, patients receiving palliative care, esophageal dysfunction, stroke, esophageal cancer and Parkinson’s disease) were excluded. Studies were excluded if they exhibited incomplete original data or data that could not be extracted. Studied were also excluded if their sample sizes fell below 30 participants or the full text was inaccessible.

Data sources and search strategy

Our comprehensive search multiple databases, including Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and SinoMed, with the search period encompassing inception to August 18, 2023. Search language was Chinese and English. The limited number of studies retrieved initially, primarily attributed to the inclusion of the qualifier “ICU” in the initial search, prompted us to broaden the scope of our literature search. Consequently, we refined the search strategy by reducing the emphasis on “ICU” during the search process. After a series of preliminary searches, we finalized the search strategy, which combined subject headings and free-text terms while employing Boolean operators to enhance search precision. In addition, a manual hand-search of the reference lists of selected articles was carried out to identify any supplementary studies not originally identified through the electronic search. For a detailed presentation of our complete search strategies across all databases, please refer to Additional file 1: Table S2.

Quality evaluation

The evaluation of the risk of bias within the included studies was conducted by two trained investigators. Cross-sectional study was evaluated by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) tool [ 26 ], which consisted of 11 items, resulting in a maximum score of 11. Scores falling within the ranges of 0–3, 4–7, and 8–11 corresponded to studies of poor, moderate, and high quality, respectively. Cohort study was evaluated by the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) tool [ 27 ], which comprised three dimensions and eight items, allowing for a star rating ranging from 2 to 9 stars. In this case, 0–4, 5–6, and 7–9 stars were indicative of study of poor, moderate, and high quality, respectively. Any discrepancies or disagreements between the investigators were resolved through discussion, when necessary, consultation with a third expert specializing in evidence-based practice methodology.

Study selection and data extraction

Bibliographic records were systematically exported into the NoteExpress database to facilitate the screening process and the removal of duplicate citations. Initial screening, based on titles and abstracts, was conducted by two reviewers who possessed specialized training in evidence-based knowledge. To ascertain whether the studies satisfied the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the full texts of potentially relevant articles were acquired. In the event of disagreements between the two reviewers, resolution was achieved through discussion or, when necessary, by enlisting the input of a third reviewer for arbitration.

After confirming the included studies, the two authors independently extracted data from the each paper, including the first author, year of publication, country, study design, ICU type, mean patient age, mean intubation time, assessment time, assessment tool, evaluator, sample size, and the PED event. Any disparities during the process of extracted data were addressed through thorough discussion and consensus-building among the reviewers.

The outcomes of this review were as follows: (1) incidence of PED in patients with orotracheal intubation in the ICU; (2) sources of heterogeneity of PED in patients with orotracheal intubation in ICU.

Statistical analyses

Meta-analysis was conducted using the ‘meta prop’ function from the meta package within STATA/SE (version 15.0, StataCorp, TX, USA). To approximate the normal distribution of the data, incidence estimates were transformed using the “Freeman-Tukey Double Arcsine Transformation”. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I 2 statistic, and pooled analyses of PED were executed employing a random-effects model in the presence of significant heterogeneity ( I 2  ≥ 50%), with fixed-effects models utilized when heterogeneity was non-significant. A significance level of P  < 0.05 was established for all analyses.

Subgroup analyses were undertaken to investigate the potential impact of various factors, including assessment tool (gold standard, SSA, GUSS, BSE, PEDS, WST, and other assessment tools), year of publication (2000–2010, 2011–2015, 2016–2020, 2021–2023), study design (cross-sectional study and cohort study), study quality (moderate quality and high quality), assessment time (≤ 3 h, 4–6 h, ≤ 24 h, ≤ 48 h, and after 48 h post-extubation), mean intubation time (≤ 24 h, 48 – 168 h, and > 168 h), mean patient age (≤ 44 years, 45–59 years, 60–74 years), evaluator (nurses, speech-language pathologist), ICU type (Trauma ICU, Cardiac surgery ICU, Mixed medical and surgical ICU), and sample size ( N  ≤ 100, 100 <  N  ≤ 200, 200 <  N  ≤ 300, N  > 300) on the pooled estimate. In instances where no source of heterogeneity was identified in the subgroup analyse, we conducted meta-regression to further pinpoint the origins of heterogeneity, focusing on assessment time, mean intubation time, mean age, assessment tool, sample size, evaluator, ICU type, study design, study quality and year of publication. Sensitivity analysis by the “leave-one-out method” was employed to evaluate the random-effects model’s stability of the pooled incidence of PED. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and “Trim and Full” method.

Certainty of the evidence

The level of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) [ 28 ]. This tool classifies the certainty of evidence into four levels: very low, low, moderate, and high. “High quality” suggests that the actual effect is approximate to the estimate of the effect. On the other hand, “Very low quality” suggests that there is very little confidence in the effect estimate and the reported estimate may be substantially different from what was measured. Two reviewers judged the following aspects: risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision, indirect evidence, and publication bias. Disagreements were resolved by consensus with the third reviewer.

Study selection

Out of the 4144 studies initially identified, 1280 duplicate studies were removed, and an additional 2864 studies that were deemed irrelevant were excluded based on title and abstract screening. Subsequently, a thorough examination of the full text was conducted for the remaining 122 studies. A manual hand-search of the reference lists of selected articles was 5 studies. Finally, 30 studies were chosen as they met the predetermined inclusion criteria for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The study selection flowchart is shown in Fig.  1 .

Flowchart of study selection

General characteristics of the included studies

The characteristics of the included studies are shown in Table  1 . The total sample size across these studies amounted to 6,228 participants. The earliest study in this review was conducted in 2003 [ 29 ], while the most recent study was conducted in 2023 [ 15 ], with 14 studies published after 2020. The study with the largest sample size was conducted by Schefold et al. [ 12 ], comprising 933 participants, while the study with the smallest sample size was carried out by Yılmaz et al. [ 19 ], including 40 participants. The methods employed to assess the incidence of PED exhibited variability among the studies. Specifically, one study employed VFSS [ 30 ], and four studies relied on FEES [ 9 , 29 , 31 , 32 ], and seven studies utilized SSA assessment tools [ 7 , 15 , 16 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Furthermore, six studies utilized BSE [ 5 , 10 , 17 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], two studies employed WST [ 12 , 40 ], two studies adopted PEDS [ 8 , 18 ], two studies utilized GUSS [ 19 , 41 ], and six studies employed other assessment tools [ 6 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 43 ,, 42 , 43 ] such as ASHA, FOIS, SSQ200, NPS-PED, MASA, and YSP.

Among all the studies, 23 studies recorded the assessment time for PED. Specifically, three studies assessed PED within ≤ 3 h post-extubation [ 6 , 9 , 12 ], four studies conducted assessments at 4–6 h post-extubation [ 15 , 16 , 33 , 36 ], nine studies assessed PED within ≤ 24 h post-extubation [ 7 , 8 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 31 , 34 , 40 , 41 ], three studies assessed PED within ≤ 48 h post-extubation [ 5 , 20 , 37 ], and four studies evaluated PED at > 24 h post-extubation [ 21 , 22 , 29 , 38 ]. In terms of study quality, eight of the included studies were categorized as high quality, while the remainder were deemed of moderate quality (see Additional 1: Tables S3, S4).

Meta-analysis results

Utilizing the random-effects model, the pooled incidence of PED was estimated to be 36% (95% CI 29.0%–44.0%, I 2  = 97.06%, p  < 0.001; Fig.  2 ), indicating a substantial degree of heterogeneity. Despite conducting additional subgroup analyses, the source of this high heterogeneity remained elusive. However, the results of the meta-regression analysis revealed that sample size ( p  < 0.001), assessment time ( p  = 0.027) and mean intubation time ( p  = 0.045) emerged as the significant factor contributing to the heterogeneity.

Overall pooled incidence of PED in ICU

Subgroup analysis of incidence

The subgroup analyses yielded the following incidence rates of PED based on assessment time post-extubation: the incidence of PED within 3 h post-extubation was 31% (95% CI 8.0–59.0), 4–6 h was 28% (95% CI 22.0–35.0, I 2  = 78.56%, p  < 0.001), within 24 h was 41% (95% CI 33.0–49.0, I 2  = 88.99%, p  < 0.001), and within 48 h was 49%. In addition, the incidence of PED beyond 24 h post-extubation was 37% (95% CI 23.0–52.0, I 2  = 91.73%, p  < 0.001) (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Furthermore, when analyzing studies based on sample size ( N ), the overall incidence of PED was found 51% (95% CI 39.0–63.0, I 2  = 87.11%, p  < 0.001) for studies with N  < 100 participants, 37% (95% CI 31.0–43.0, I 2  = 84.74%, p  < 0.001) for studies with 100 <  N  ≤ 200 participants, 32% (95% CI 20.0–46.0, I 2  = 97.16%, p  < 0.001) for studies with 200 <  N  ≤ 300 participants, and 16% (95% CI 8.0–26.0, I 2  = 97.07%, p  < 0.001) for studies with N  > 300 participants (see Additional file 1: Fig. S2). In addition, further analyses were conducted based on assessment tool, mean intubation time, mean age, ICU type, evaluator, publication year, study design and study quality (see Additional file 1: Figs. S3–S11).

Results of meta-regression analysis

In the meta-regression analysis, we examined PED assessment time, sample size, assessment tools, mean intubation time, mean age, ICU type, evaluator, publication year, study design and study quality as potential covariates to identify the source of heterogeneity (Table  2 ). The univariate meta-regression analysis revealed a statistically significant correlation between incidence and sample size, assessment time and mean intubation time. Bubble plots of meta-regression of covariates were shown in Additional (see Additional file 1: Figs. S12–S22).

Sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity analysis showed that the incidence of PED ranged from 29 to 44% (see Additional file 1: Fig. S23). The marginal variance between these results and the pooled incidence was minimal, suggesting that the result of the pooled incidence being stable and reliable.

Publication bias

In our study, publication bias was detected by the funnel plot (see Additional file 1: Fig. S24). We found that the adjusted effect size was similar to the original effect size ( p  < 0.01) (see Additional file 1: Fig. S25).

The certainty of evidence was very low for all comparisons performed according to the GRADE rating [ 28 ]. Thus, it can be considered that the certainty of the evidence regarding the incidence of PED in this review is very low (Table  3 ).

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the incidence of PED in ICU patients. The study revealed an overall incidence of PED in ICU patients who underwent orotracheal intubation to be 36.0%. This incidence rate was comparable to the incidence of dysphagia resulting from stroke (36.30%) [ 45 ] and aligned with the incidence of PED observed in ICU patients (36%) [ 46 ]. However, it was slightly lower than the 41% reported in the meta-analysis conducted by McIntyre et al. [ 4 ]. The incidence of PED among ICU patients who underwent orotracheal intubation was high, ICU medical professionals, especially nurses should raise awareness about PED. However, the included studies were characterized by diversity and heterogeneity in assessment time and assessment tools signaled the need for obtaining consensus on a range of issues, including assessment time and assessment tools appropriate for ICU.

Sample size

This review identified sample size as a significant source of heterogeneity ( p  < 0.001). Notably, the incidence of PED demonstrated a gradual decrease as the sample size of the studies increased. In larger scale studies, such as those conducted by McIntyre et al. and Schefold et al., simpler assessment tools are employed, allowing for quick completion [ 10 , 12 ]. However, the reliability and validity of some of these tools remain unverified. Conversely, certain studies are conducted by highly trained professionals using the gold standard for PED assessment [ 9 , 29 , 31 ], which, while more accurate, is also time-consuming and costly [ 47 ]. In addition, some ICU patients, due to their unstable conditions, are unable to complete the gold standard assessment, resulting in relatively smaller sample sizes for these studies.

In statistics, sample size is intricately linked to result stability, and the confidence intervals for subgroups with N  < 100 in this study exhibited a wider range, this might diminish the result precision and lead to larger deviations from the true value. However, as the sample size increased to 100 <  N  ≤ 300, the confidence intervals narrowed in comparison to other subgroups. Consequently, when sample size was 100 <  N  ≤ 300, the PED incidence rates were more close with the overall PED rate. According to the central limit theorem, if the sampling method remains consistent, results obtained from larger samples are more stable and closer to the true value [ 48 , 49 ]. It is worth noting that the confidence intervals for the subgroup with N  > 300 in this study were wider and demonstrated a larger divergence from the total PED incidence. Therefore, in future studies, careful consideration of the sample size, based on the detection rate of the assessment tool used, is advisable to ensure both the stability and reliability of the results.

Mean intubation time

This review identified mean intubation time as a significant source of heterogeneity ( p  = 0.045). Variances in mean intubation time among ICU patients undergoing orotracheal intubation can lead to differing degrees of mucosal damage in the oropharynx and larynx [ 2 , 50 ], thereby resulting in varying incidence rates of PED. For instance, Malandraki et al. have reported that prolonged intubation is associated with more than a 12-fold increased risk of moderate/severe dysphagia compared to shorter intubation durations, and this effect is particularly pronounced among elderly patients [ 51 ]. Moreover, studies have demonstrated that ICU patients with extended orotracheal intubation periods leading to PED also exhibit diminished tongue and lip strength, protracted oral food transportation, slower swallowing, and muscle weakness in swallowing-related muscles [ 24 , 46 ]. In view of these findings, ICU medical professionals should routinely evaluate the need for orotracheal intubation, strive to minimize the duration of mechanical ventilation.

PED assessment time

This review identified assessment time as a significant source of heterogeneity ( P  = 0.027). It is important to note that there are currently no established guidelines recommending the optimal timing for the initial assessment of PED in ICU patients who have undergone orotracheal intubation. Consequently, the assessment time varies widely across studies, resulting in PED incidence rates ranging from 28 to 49% among subgroups. Interestingly, the incidence of PED assessed within ≤ 3 h post-extubation appeared lower than that assessed within ≤ 24 h and ≤ 48 h post-extubation. This difference may be attributed to the study by Schefold et al., which featured a shorter intubation duration [ 12 ]. Therefore, the incidence of PED assessed within ≤ 3 h post-extubation in ICU patients with orotracheal intubation may be underestimated. Moreover, it is essential to highlight that some ICU patients, particularly those with severe illnesses and extended intubation time, may face challenges in complying with post-extubation instructions provided by healthcare personnel. Paradoxically, this group of patients is at a higher risk of developing PED, subsequently increasing their susceptibility to post-extubation pneumonia [ 11 ]. ICU professionals should evaluate swallowing function in patients post-extubation; early identification of patients at risk for PED to reduce complications. If PED is identified, nurses should follow-up assessments at multiple time to obtain a thorough comprehension of PED recovery trajectory among PED patients, which can serve as a foundation for determining the timing of clinical interventions accurately.

PED assessment tools

Despite the subgroup analyses and meta-regression results indicating that PED assessment tools did not contribute to the observed heterogeneity, it is important to acknowledge the wide array of assessment tools employed across the studies included in this review. The study’s findings revealed that the results of the GUSS and BSE assessments were most closely aligned with the gold standard screening results. In contrast, the PEDS assessment results tended to be higher than those derived from the gold standard assessment. Furthermore, the results of other assessment tools generally yielded lower incidence rates of PED, possibly attributable to variations in specificity or sensitivity. FEES and VFSS assessments are recognized for their meticulous scrutiny of patients’ swallowing processes, including the detection of food residue and aspiration, which may not be as comprehensively addressed by other assessment methods [ 51 ]. Assessment tools such as BSE, SSA, GUSS, WST, and other clinical methods do not provide direct visualization of the swallowing process. Instead, assessors rely on the observation of overt clinical symptoms during the patient’s initial food or water intake to judge the presence of PED. However, these methods may overlook occult aspiration in patients, potentially resulting in an underestimation of PED incidence. In contrast, PEDS, which primarily assesses patients based on their medical history and plumbing symptoms without screening for drinking or swallowing, may overestimate PED incidence. Considering the varying strengths and limitations of existing assessment tools, ICU professionals select appropriate PED assessment tool based on the characteristics of the critically ill patient. Early and rapid identification of PED, before the use of more complex and expensive assessment tools, minimizes the occurrence of complications in patients.

Strengths and weaknesses

In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the incidence of PED in ICU patients who underwent orotracheal intubation across various subgroups, revealing a notable degree of heterogeneity among the included studies. In our study, we have expanded the search as much as possible and included a total of 30 papers after screening, half of which were published after 2020. There are several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results of this meta-analysis. First, there was varied heterogeneity between methodological of the study and estimates of prevalence that may question the appropriateness of calculating pooled prevalence estimates. However, in order to address this heterogeneity, we addressed the heterogeneity with applying a random-effect model and conducting subgroup analysis and meta-regression to explore three sources of heterogeneity. Second, the overall quality of evidence for the incidence of PED was rated as low according to GRADE. Higher quality original studies on the incidence of PED should be performed in the future. As a result, the findings should be interpreted with caution in such cases.

In conclusion, our systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a high incidence of PED among ICU patients who underwent orotracheal intubation. It is also worth noting that the incidence of PED in the ICU may be underestimated. It is expected to increase awareness about the issue of PED among ICU patients. It will be important to develop guidelines or consensus on the most appropriate PED assessment time and assessment tools to accurately assess the incidence of PED.

Relevance to clinical practice

Each year, a substantial number of critically ill patients, ranging from 13 to 20 million, necessitate endotracheal intubation to sustain their lives. Patients undergoing orotracheal intubation are at heightened risk of developing PED. PED has been linked to prolonged hospital and ICU length of stay, increased rates of pneumonia, and all-cause mortality. Early identification of high-risk patients by clinical nurses is critical for reduce patient burden and adverse outcomes.

Early and multiple times assessment: Future investigations should early assess PED in clinical practice, especially within 6 h post-extubation. Furthermore, we suggest for follow-up assessments at multiple time to obtain a thorough comprehension of PED incidence and the recovery trajectory among ICU patients who have undergone orotracheal intubation.

Assessment tool: Considering the varying strengths and limitations of existing assessment tools, ICU professionals should carefully evaluate the characteristics of critically ill patients and select appropriate assessment tools, before the use of more complex and expensive assessment tools.

Routinely evaluate the need for orotracheal intubation: Healthcare professionals should routinely evaluate the need for orotracheal intubation, strive to minimize the duration of mechanical ventilation.

Availability of data and materials

All data related to the present systematic review and meta-analysis are available from the original study corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

Confidence interval

• Intensive care unit

Post-extubation dysphagia

Sydney Swallow Questionnaire 200

Water swallowing test

Post-Extubation Dysphagia Screening Tool

Bedside swallow evaluation

The Yale swallow protocol

Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

Video Fluoroscopic Swallowing Study

Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing

Gugging swallowing screen

Standardized Swallowing Assessment

Functional Oral Intake Scale

Nurse-performed screening for post-extubation dysphagia

Speech-language pathologists

Events of PED

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses

International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews

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Weixia Yu, Limi Dan, Jianzheng Cai, Yuyu Wang, Qingling Wang, Yingying Zhang & Xin Wang

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Weixia Yu, Limi Dan, Jianzheng Cai, and Yuyu Wang developed the original concept of this systematic review and meta-analysis. Weixia Yu, Limi Dan, Jianzheng Cai and Yuyu Wang contributed to the screening of eligible studies, data extraction, and data synthesis. Weixia Yu, Limi Dan, Jianzheng Cai, Yuyu Wang and Qingling Wang drafted the first version of the manuscript. Yingying Zhang, Qingling Wang and Xin Wang prepared the tables and figures. All the authors have edited and contributed for intellectual content. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript and take public responsibility for it.

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Additional file 1: Table S1. PRISMA 2020 Checklist. Table S2. Search strategy. Table S3. Quality evaluation results of the cohort studies. Table S4. Quality evaluation results of the cross-sectional study. Fig. S1. Subgroup analysis of the incidence of PED by assessment time. Fig. S2. Subgroup analysis of the incidence of PED by sample size. Fig. S3. Incidence of PED by assessment tool. Fig. S4. Incidence of PED by mean intubation time. Fig. S5 Incidence of PED by mean age. Fig. S6. Incidence of PED by ICU type. Fig. S7. Incidence of PED by evaluator. Fig. S8. Incidence of PED by year of publication. Fig. S9. Incidence of PED by study design. Fig. S10. Incidence of PED by quality of cohort study. Fig. S11. Incidence of PED by quality of Cross-sectional study. Fig. S12. Bubble plot of meta-regression result for evaluate time as a covariate. Fig. S13. Bubble plot of meta-regression result for sample size as a covariate. Fig. S14. Bubble plot of meta-regression result for assessment tool as a covariate. Fig. S15. Bubble plot of meta-regression result for mean intubation time as a covariate. Fig. S16. Bubble plot of meta-regression result for mean age as a covariate. Fig. S17. Bubble plot of meta-regression result for ICU type as a covariate. Fig. S18. Bubble plot of meta-regression result for evaluator as a covariate. Fig. S19. Bubble plot of meta-regression result for year of publication as a covariate. Fig. S20. Bubble plot of meta-regression result for study design as a covariate. Fig. S21. Bubble plot of meta-regression result for quality of cohort study as a covariate. Fig. S22. Bubble plot of meta-regression result for quality of cross-sectional study as a covariate. Fig. S23. Sensitivity analysis of PED. Fig. S24. Publication bias assessment plot. Fig. S25. Publication bias assessment plot. “Trim and Full test” method.

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Yu, W., Dan, L., Cai, J. et al. Incidence of post-extubation dysphagia among critical care patients undergoing orotracheal intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res 29 , 444 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-024-02024-x

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Spatial analysis of the impact of urban built environment on cardiovascular diseases: a case study in Xixiangtang, China

• Shuguang Deng 1 ,
• Jinlong Liang 1 ,
• Ying Peng 2 ,
• Wei Liu 3 ,
• Jinhong Su 1 &
• Shuyan Zhu 1  

BMC Public Health volume  24 , Article number:  2368 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

The built environment, as a critical factor influencing residents' cardiovascular health, has a significant potential impact on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

Taking Xixiangtang District in Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China as a case study, we utilized the geographic location information of CVD patients, detailed road network data, and urban points of interest (POI) data. Kernel density estimation (KDE) and spatial autocorrelation analysis were specifically employed to identify the spatial distribution patterns, spatial clustering, and spatial correlations of built environment elements and diseases. The GeoDetector method (GDM) was used to assess the impact of environmental factors on diseases, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis was adopted to reveal the spatial heterogeneity effect of environmental factors on CVD risk.

The results indicate that the built environment elements and CVDs samples exhibit significant clustering characteristics in their spatial distribution, with a positive correlation between the distribution density of environmental elements and the incidence of CVDs (Moran’s I > 0, p  < 0.01). Further factor detection revealed that the distribution of healthcare facilities had the most significant impact on CVDs ( q  = 0.532, p  < 0.01), followed by shopping and consumption ( q  = 0.493, p  < 0.01), dining ( q  = 0.433, p  < 0.01), and transportation facilities ( q  = 0.423, p  < 0.01), while the impact of parks and squares ( q  = 0.174, p  < 0.01) and road networks ( q  = 0.159, p  < 0.01) was relatively smaller. Additionally, the interaction between different built environment elements exhibited a bi-factor enhancement effect on CVDs. In the local analysis, the spatial heterogeneity of different built environment elements on CVDs further revealed the regional differences and complexities.

Conclusions

The spatial distribution of built environment elements is significantly correlated with CVDs to varying degrees and impacts differently across regions, underscoring the importance of the built environment on cardiovascular health. When planning and improving urban environments, elements and areas that have a more significant impact on CVDs should be given priority consideration.

Peer Review reports

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become one of the most common lethal diseases worldwide, with both the number of affected individuals and the mortality rate continuously rising over the past two decades. Statistical data reveal that from 1990 to 2019, the number of individuals with CVDs globally increased from 271 to 523 million, while deaths climbed from 12.1 million to 18.6 million, accounting for approximately one-third of the total annual global deaths [ 1 ]. The severity of CVDs poses not only a global health challenge but also exerts immense pressure on the healthcare system and the economy [ 2 ]. According to the World Heart Federation, global medical costs for CVDs are projected to rise from approximately 863 billion US dollars in 2010 to 1044 billion US dollars by 2030 [ 3 ]. Thus, it is particularly important to deeply explore the mechanisms that influence CVDs and to develop effective and sustainable strategies to reduce risk and prevent these diseases.

The urban built environment refers to the comprehensive physical structure and man-made surroundings of an urban area, including buildings, transportation systems, infrastructure, land use planning, and elements of natural and artificial spaces [ 4 ]. Numerous studies have focused on the close connection between the built environment and human health, particularly with respect to cardiovascular health. Research indicates that the impact of the built environment on cardiovascular health is a process network structure with various influencing factors, including but not limited to factors contributing to CVDs such as obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], environmental issues like traffic noise and air pollution [ 11 , 12 ], as well as aspects of physical exercise, psychological stress, and lifestyle [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], all of which collectively affect the pathogenesis of CVDs [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Studies show that optimizing urban design, such as rational land allocation and planning street layouts, can guide people to access more life services, cultivate proactive attitudes and healthy bodies, thereby reducing the risk of CVDs [ 21 , 22 ]. Urban spatially compact development models can encourage physical activity, reducing the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic issues [ 23 ]. In contrast, long commutes and high traffic density may lead to chronic stress and lack of exercise, increasing the risk of obesity and hypertension. Conversely, appropriate intersection density, land-use diversity, destination convenience, and accessibility might encourage walking, improve health, and reduce the risk of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which are cardiovascular-related problems [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. The density and accessibility of supermarkets have a direct impact on the dietary habits of community residents, wherein excessive density may increase the risk of obesity and diabetes and correlate with blood pressure levels [ 27 ]. Urban green spaces and outdoor recreational areas have a positive effect on cardiovascular health; green spaces not only offer places for exercise and relaxation but also help alleviate stress, improve mental states, and enhance air quality, thus mitigating the harm caused by air pollution and protecting cardiac and vascular health [ 28 ]. Research also indicates that individuals residing in areas with high greenery rates are more likely to enjoy opportunities that promote physical activity, mental health, and healthy lifestyles, thereby minimizing CVD risks [ 29 , 30 ]. In summary, scientific and rational urban planning, such as diversified land use, appropriate building density, good street connectivity, convenient destinations, short-distance commuting, and beautiful environments, are key factors in promoting overall health and preventing CVDs.

Although numerous studies have focused on exploring the relationship between the built environment and CVDs, the specific mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. This knowledge gap is mainly due to the complexity of the built environment itself and the multifactorial pathogenesis of CVDs. Current research mostly concentrates on individual aspects of the built environment, such as noise, air pollution, green spaces, and transportation [ 31 ], lacking consideration for the overall complexity of the built environment. Many elements of the built environment are interactive; for instance, pedestrian-friendly urban design may enhance physical activity and social interaction, yet it could also be counteracted by air and noise pollution caused by urban traffic [ 32 ]. Therefore, the same element of the built environment might have different effects in different contexts, adding complexity to the study of the built environment. Furthermore, while existing research has exhibited considerable depth and breadth in exploring the complex and dynamic relationship between the built environment and CVDs, many areas still require further improvement and deepening. Traditional linear correlation analyses, such as OLS and logistic regression models, have been widely used to assess the significance level between built environment characteristics and CVDs mortality rates, and to investigate factors such as intersection density, slope, greening, and commercial density [ 33 , 34 ]. However, these methods fall short in addressing the complexity and non-linear characteristics of spatial data.

Therefore, from a geographical perspective, it is particularly important to adopt more appropriate methods to capture the non-stationarity and heterogeneity of spatial data and to explore the spatial correlation characteristics between the built environment and CVDs. However, current research utilizing spatial models has mainly focused on macro-level perspectives, such as national or provincial levels. For example, ŞENER et al. employed spatial autocorrelation models and hot spot analysis models to assess the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of CVD mortality across multiple provincial administrative regions [ 35 ]. Baptista et al. analyzed the impact of factors such as per capita GDP, urbanization rate, education, and cigarette consumption on the growth trends of CVD incidence using spatial lag and spatial error models across different countries or regions [ 36 ]. Eun et al. used Bayesian spatial multilevel models to measure built environment variables in 546 administrative districts of Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, and evaluated the impact of the built environment on CVDs [ 37 ]. While these studies have, to some extent, revealed the spatial distribution characteristics of CVDs and their spatial relationships with environmental features, the scope of these studies is often large, and they tend to overlook the heterogeneity at the micro-level within cities and its specific impact on residents' health. As a result, it is challenging to accurately capture the differential effects of the built environment on CVD incidence across different areas within a city, and many critical environmental factors at the micro-geographical scale, which are directly related to the daily lives and health of residents, may be obscured.

Given this, we focus on Xixiangtang District in Nanning City, China, and construct a research framework centered on multi-source data, including the distribution of CVDs, road networks, and urban POI data. By employing KDE to reveal hotspot areas, spatial autocorrelation analysis to explore spatial dependence, the GDM to dissect key factors, and GWR to capture the spatial heterogeneity effects, we deeply analyze the complex mechanisms by which the urban built environment influences the incidence of CVDs. Our study aims to answer: Is there a significant spatial association between urban built environment elements and the incidence rate of CVDs? To what extent do different built environment elements impact CVDs? And, what are the regional differences in the impact of built environment elements on CVDs in different areas?

This study focuses on Xixiangtang District in Nanning City (Fig.  1 ), an important administrative district located in the northwest of Nanning City, covering an area of approximately 1,276 square kilometers with a permanent population of over one million. As an exemplary early-developed area of Nanning City, the built environment of Xixiangtang not only carries a rich historical and cultural heritage but also witnesses the transformation from a traditional old town to a modern emerging area, forming a unique urban–rural transitional zone. However, with the acceleration of urbanization, Xixiangtang District also faces numerous environmental challenges, such as declining air quality, congested traffic networks, increasing noise pollution, and continuously rising population density, all of which may pose potential threats to residents' cardiovascular health. Therefore, choosing the built environment of Xixiangtang as the core area of this study is not only due to its representativeness but also because the issues faced by this area are of profound practical significance for exploring the health impacts of urbanization and formulating effective environmental improvement strategies.

Location of study area

The CVD case data is sourced from the cardiovascular department's medical records at Guangxi National Hospital. Located in the southeastern core area of Xixiangtang District, near metro stations and densely populated areas, the hospital's superior geographical location and convenient transportation conditions greatly facilitate patient visits, especially for those seeking high-level cardiovascular medical services. Although spatial distance is an important consideration for patients when choosing a medical facility, our study on the spatial distribution patterns of CVDs also takes into account various influencing factors, including socioeconomic status, environmental factors, patient health conditions, and healthcare-seeking behaviors, ensuring the depth and accuracy of the results. Additionally, Guangxi National Hospital is one of the few top-tier (tertiary A) comprehensive hospitals in Xixiangtang District, with its cardiovascular department being a key specialty. The department's outstanding reputation and wide influence, combined with its advantages in equipment, technology, and healthcare costs compared to other non-specialized cardiovascular departments in the region, make it particularly attractive to patients in Xixiangtang, thus rendering the data relatively representative. To ensure the fairness of our study results, we have implemented multiple verification measures, including comprehensive data collection, independent evaluation of medical standards, rigorous statistical analysis, and consideration of healthcare costs.

With authorization from Guangxi National Hospital, we obtained and analyzed the cardiovascular department's data records. Our study adheres to ethical principles and does not involve any operations that have a substantial impact on patients. The cardiovascular data records include basic patient information (such as age, gender, address, etc.), diagnostic information (disease type, diagnosis date, etc.), and treatment records. We focused on CVD patients diagnosed between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2022. Through systematic screening and organization, we constructed a database of CVD patients during this period. During the data processing procedure, we implemented a rigorous data cleaning process, identifying and excluding incomplete, duplicate, or abnormal data records. This included checking for missing data, logical errors (such as extremely large or small ages), and consistency in diagnostic codes, ensuring the quality and reliability of the data. After data cleaning, we selected 3,472 valid samples, which are representative in terms of disease types, patient characteristics, and geographic distribution. Considering the study involves geographic location analysis, we used a text-to-coordinate tool developed based on the Amap (Gaode) API to convert patient address information into precise geographic coordinates. Finally, using ArcGIS 10.8 software, we visualized the processed case data on a map.

As a multidimensional and comprehensive conceptual framework, the built environment encompasses a vast and intricate system of elements. Given the accessibility, completeness of data, and the robust foundation in current research domains, we have centered our in-depth analysis on two core components: the urban road system and urban POIs. Road data is primarily sourced from OpenStreetMap (OSM) and processed using ArcGIS 10.8 to filter and handle incomplete records. We ultimately selected five types of roads for analysis: highways, expressways, arterial roads, secondary roads, and local roads [ 38 ]. Urban POI data was selected based on existing research and obtained through Amap. Amap is a leading map service provider in China, known for its vast user data, precise geocoding system, and advanced intelligent analysis technology, which accurately captures and presents the spatial distribution and attribute characteristics of various urban facilities. We used Amap's API interface and offline map data package to obtain the coordinates and basic attributes of POIs in the study area, including six key environment elements: dining [ 39 ], parks [ 40 ], transportation [ 20 ], shopping [ 41 ], sports [ 42 ], and healthcare [ 43 ] (Table  1 ). These elements significantly reflect the distribution status of the urban built environment. This comprehensive and detailed data provides a solid foundation for further exploring the relationship between the built environment and cardiovascular health.

• Spatial analysis

Based on existing research findings, we have identified key built environment factors that influence the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and meticulously processed the data sourced from [ 34 , 35 , 44 ]. The preprocessed data was then subjected to spatial analysis utilizing software tools such as ArcGIS 10.8, Geoda, and the Geographic Detector. Through various methods including KDE, spatial autocorrelation analysis (encompassing both univariate and bivariate analyses), factor detection and interaction detection using the Geographic Detector, as well as GWR, we aimed to explore the potential links between the urban built environment and CVDs (Fig.  2 ).

Research framework

Kernel Density Estimation (KDE)

Before delving into the complex relationship between the built environment and CVDs, it is crucial to accurately depict the spatial distribution of these key elements within the study area. Given this need, KDE, an advanced non-parametric statistical technique, was introduced as our core analytical tool. KDE is a non-parametric method used to estimate the probability density function of a random variable, and we implemented it using ArcGIS 10.8 software. Compared to other density estimation methods, such as simple counting or histograms, KDE more accurately reflects the true distribution of spatial elements, helping us identify hotspots and cold spots in the city with greater precision. The core of this method lies in assigning a smooth kernel function to each observation point, which describes the influence range of the observation point on its surrounding space, known as bandwidth. The density distribution map of the entire area is then obtained by overlaying the kernel functions of all observation point [ 45 , 46 , 47 ]. In parameter settings, we set the cell size to 100 m, based on a comprehensive consideration of the study area's scope, the distribution characteristics of geographic phenomena, and computational resource limitations. This aimed to maintain sufficient precision while avoiding excessive computational burden and amplification of data noise. To further refine the analysis and visually present the continuous spatial distribution of CVDs, we used the natural breaks method to classify the KDE results into five levels. KDE visually displays the continuous spatial distribution of CVDs, identifying high-risk and low-risk areas, and provides foundational data support for subsequent spatial analyses.

Spatial autocorrelation analysis

Spatial autocorrelation analysis is a statistical method used to assess the similarity or correlation between observed values in geographic space. We derived the point attribute values from the kernel density transformation and conducted univariate global spatial autocorrelation analysis, as well as bivariate global spatial autocorrelation analysis between built environment factors and CVDs using Geoda software. Univariate global spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to study the spatial distribution characteristics of the overall dataset, using Moran's I to evaluate whether the dataset exhibits spatial autocorrelation, indicating clustering or dispersion trends [ 48 , 49 ]. Bivariate global spatial autocorrelation further analyzed the spatial correlation between different indicators [ 50 , 51 ]. Spatial autocorrelation analysis helps verify whether the spatial clustering in KDE results is significant and preliminarily explores whether there is spatial interdependence between environmental factors and CVDs.

The results of spatial autocorrelation analysis include the Moran's I index, which directly reflects the strength and direction of spatial autocorrelation, as well as key indicators such as p values and Z values, together constructing a comprehensive quantitative system for evaluating spatial autocorrelation. In the results of spatial autocorrelation analysis, when the p -value is less than 0.01, the confidence level reaches 99%, and the Z value is greater than 2.58, the null hypothesis can be rejected, indicating that the research results are highly reliable. The degree of spatial clustering of variables is measured by Moran's I. The range of Moran's I is [-1, 1]; if Moran's I > 0, it indicates positive correlation, with higher values indicating stronger clustering; if Moran's I < 0, it indicates negative correlation, with lower values indicating stronger clustering; and if Moran's I = 0, the variables are not clustered and show a dispersed distribution, with the correlation weakening as the value approaches 0 [ 52 ].

The GeoDetector method (GDM)

We analyzed the processed kernel density attribute data using the GDM to parse the influence of the built environment on CVDs and uncover the underlying driving factors. The geographic detector tool was developed by a team led by Researcher Jinfeng Wang at the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences [ 53 ]. The GDM mainly includes factor detection, interaction detection, risk area detection, and ecological detection, and it has been widely applied in multiple fields. We used the factor detection function to evaluate the impact of environmental factors on the distribution of CVDs and utilized the interaction detection function to analyze the interaction between different environmental factors [ 54 , 55 ]. The purpose of the factor detector is to detect the extent to which independent variables explain the spatial differentiation of the dependent variable. It quantifies the influence of independent variables on the spatial distribution of the dependent variable to reveal which factors are the main contributors to the spatial distribution differences of the dependent variable. However, the impact of built environment elements on CVDs may not be determined by a single factor but rather by the synergistic effect of multiple built environment factors. Therefore, through the means of interaction detection, we further analyzed the synergistic impact of pairs of built environment elements on the spatial distribution of CVDs.

In this analysis, the q value was used as a quantitative indicator of the influence of environmental factors on CVDs, with values ranging between [0,1]. A higher q value indicates a more significant influence of the environmental factor, whereas a lower q value indicates a smaller influence. Additionally, a significance level of p  < 0.01 further emphasizes the reliability of these factors' significant impact on the distribution of CVD samples.

Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR)

However, while the GDM can reveal the overall impact of built environment elements on CVDs, its limitation lies in its difficulty to finely characterize the specific differences and dynamic changes of these impacts within different geographic spatial units. To address this shortcoming, we introduced the GWR model through the spatial analysis tools of ArcGIS 10.8 software for local analysis. This model dynamically maps the distribution and variation trajectory of regression coefficients in geographic space, incorporating the key variable of spatial location into the regression analysis. In this way, the GWR model can reveal the spatial heterogeneity of parameters at different geographic locations, accurately capturing the relationships between local variables, thus overcoming the limitations of traditional global regression models in handling spatial non-stationarity [ 56 , 57 ]. Compared to traditional global regression models, the GWR model excels in reducing model residuals and improving fitting accuracy.

When interpreting the results of the GWR model, it is necessary to consider the regression coefficients, R 2 (coefficient of determination), and adjusted R 2 comprehensively. The dynamic changes in regression coefficients in space reveal the complex relationships between independent and dependent variables at different geographic locations, with their sign and magnitude directly reflecting the nature and intensity of the impact. Although the R 2 value, as an indicator of the model's goodness of fit, focuses more on local effects in the GWR, its variation still helps to assess the explanatory power of the model in each area. These comprehensive indicators together form a thorough evaluation of the GWR model's performance. Through a comprehensive evaluation of the GWR model results, we can more precisely capture the relationships between local variables, revealing the specific impact of environmental factors on CVD risk within different regions.

Kernel density distribution characteristics

By applying kernel density analysis, the spatial distribution pattern of CVD samples and various built environment elements was detailed, effectively capturing their spatial density characteristics. The obtained kernel density levels were divided into five tiers using the natural breaks method and arranged in descending order, as shown in Fig.  3 . Analysis results indicate that high-density areas of elements such as shopping, dining, transportation facilities, and medical care are mainly focused in the southeastern part of the city, i.e., the city center. The high-density areas of the road network extend along the southern Yonjiang belt and appear patchy in the city center. Dense areas of parks are mostly near the southern riverside areas, while high-density distributions of sports facilities extend in the southeastern and central regions. Overall, the distribution pattern of these environmental factors reveals that Xixiangtang District's development trend mainly extends from southeast to northwest, indicating that the northeastern part of the region is relatively underdeveloped, with a sparse population and a lack of various infrastructure layouts. Additionally, kernel density distribution characteristics show that high-incidence areas of CVDs are concentrated in the southeast, highly coinciding with the high-density areas of most built environment elements.

Distribution of nuclear density of each element in the study area

Spatial Autocorrelation Characteristics

To explore the spatial relationship between urban built environment elements and the distribution of CVDs, spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed using Geoda software [ 58 ]. The study involved univariate and bivariate global spatial autocorrelation analyses (Table  2 ). The results of the analysis passed the significance level test at 0.01, with p values below 0.01 and Z values exceeding 2.58, achieving a 99% confidence level. This reinforces the reliability of the spatial autocorrelation results.

Univariate analysis is used to evaluate the clustering or dispersion status of feature points in space. In univariate analysis, the Moran's I value of the road network was 0.957, which significantly indicates a clustering trend in its spatial distribution. Moran's I values for other built environment elements, such as parks, transportation facilities, sports and fitness, and medical care, all exceeded 0.9, while the Moran's I values for shopping and dining also surpassed 0.8. By comparison, the Moran's I value for CVD samples was 0.697, approaching 0.7, revealing significant aggregation. Overall, the clustering nature of the built environment elements and CVD samples in Xixiangtang District implies that these elements are not randomly deployed but follow some patterns of hierarchical assembly.

Bivariate analysis, on the other hand, is used to evaluate the spatial correlation between different environmental factors and CVDs. Bivariate analysis further revealed the spatial interaction between environmental factors and CVDs. The results show that all considered environmental elements exhibited significant positive correlation with CVDs. The spatial association between medical care elements and CVDs was the strongest, with a Moran's I value of 0.431, surpassing the significant threshold of 0.4. Additionally, the Moran's I values for dining, transportation facilities, shopping, and sports and fitness were all over 0.3. Road networks and parks, on the other hand, showed relatively weaker correlations with CVDs, with Moran's I values around 0.1, indicating that in that region, the spatial connection between these built environment elements and CVDs is comparably weak.

Geodetector results analysis

A detailed analysis of the impact of various environmental factors on CVDs was achieved through the factor detection model of the GDM. According to the factor detection results shown in Table  3 , significant differences in the impact of environmental factors on the distribution of CVD samples were observed. The analysis results indicate that the environmental factors influencing the distribution of CVDs, in descending order of impact, are: healthcare services > shopping > dining > transportation facilities > sports and fitness > parks and squares > road networks. Specifically, healthcare services lead with a q value of 0.532, indicating that the spatial distribution of healthcare services has the most significant impact on the spatial distribution of CVDs. This highlights the importance of a high-density layout of healthcare facilities in the prevention and treatment of CVDs and suggests that individuals at risk for CVDs tend to prefer living in areas with convenient access to medical services [ 59 ].

Subsequently, shopping, dining, and transportation facilities all have q values exceeding 0.4, reflecting their significant effects on the urban built environment's clustering characteristics and regional commercial vitality. The concentration of human traffic brought about by these factors may, while increasing residents' lifestyle choices, also lead to certain psychological burdens and declining air quality, thereby indirectly placing a burden on the cardiovascular system. In contrast, parks and squares and road networks have relatively low q values (both less than 0.2), suggesting that the incidence of CVDs is lower in areas concentrated with these environmental elements, likely related to their ecological and transportation benefits.

Subsequently, interaction detection was used to analyze the synergistic impact of pairs of built environment elements on the spatial distribution of CVDs. From the results shown in Table  4 , it is evident that any two built environment elements exhibit a bi-factor enhancement effect on CVDs, suggesting that the combined influence of two built environment elements exceeds the effect of a single element. Among these, the interaction between healthcare services and shopping has the greatest impact on CVDs, with a value of 0.571. This indicates that CVDs patients or high-risk individuals tend to prefer living in areas rich in healthcare resources and convenient for shopping, as they can more easily access health services and daily necessities. Conversely, the interaction between road networks and parks and squares has the weakest impact on CVDs, with a value of 0.313. This suggests that their combined effect in reducing CVD risk is relatively limited, possibly due to the negative impacts of road networks, such as traffic congestion and air pollution, which may offset some of the health benefits provided by parks and squares. This result further validates an important point: the impact of the built environment on CVDs is not driven by a single element but by the synergistic effects of multiple environmental factors working together.

Geographically weighted regression analysis

The GDM revealed the influence of built environment factors on CVDs. To further uncover the spatial heterogeneity effects of built environment elements on CVDs in different regions, we employed the GWR model. To ensure the rigor of the analysis, we conducted multicollinearity detection for all built environment elements before establishing the model. We confirmed that the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values for all elements did not exceed the conventional threshold of 5, effectively avoiding multicollinearity issues and ensuring the robustness of the model results. The GWR model results showed that the model's coefficient of determination R 2 was 0.596, and the adjusted R 2 was 0.575, indicating that the model could adequately explain the relationships between variables in the study. The analysis results also highlighted the spatial non-stationarity of the effects of built environment elements, manifested by different degrees of variation and fluctuation characteristics, as shown by the coefficient magnitudes and their dynamic changes in spatial distribution in Table  5 .

Looking more closely at the details, as demonstrated in Fig.  4 , the regression coefficients of the dining elements fluctuated relatively little, ranging from -0.372 to 0.471, reflecting a relatively balanced spatial effect. Moreover, although this factor's impact in the Xixiangtang District showed both positive and negative aspects in different areas, more than half of the analysis units indicated positive values, especially in the southern and northeastern parts of the Xixiangtang District. In contrast, the high-incidence areas of CVDs in the eastern part and areas in the north showed negative correlations.

Spatial distribution of regression coefficient of built-up environmental factors

The GWR coefficients and their fluctuations for parks were significant, ranging from -69.757 to 35.43, indicating significant spatial differences in their impact on the distribution of CVDs. Specifically, the spatial distribution of positive and negative impacts was nearly 1:1, revealing the complexity of its effects. In high-incidence areas of CVDs, the distribution of parks showed a significantly negative correlation with disease distribution, while a significant increase in positive correlation was observed north of the significantly negative regions. This implies the presence of other moderating factors influencing the direction of the impact of parks on CVDs.

The regression coefficients and fluctuations for shopping were the smallest among the seven environmental factors, confined to a range of -0.093 to 0.219, suggesting a high consistency in its spatial effects. In the Xixiangtang built-up area, nearly two-thirds of the spatial units yielded positive impacts. Particularly in the northern, northeastern, southern, and southeastern regions, the positive impacts of shopping were especially pronounced.

The regression coefficients and fluctuations for transportation facilities were relatively large, ranging from -0.487 to 7.363. For the Xixiangtang District, nearly three-quarters of the analysis units displayed positive spatial impacts, with the largest positive value areas concentrated in the southeastern part. However, areas with negative impacts from transportation facilities were relatively fewer, suggesting a clear positive correlation with the distribution of CVDs.

The fluctuation range for sports and fitness regression coefficients was also broad, from -10.578 to 33.256. The analysis indicated that only a quarter of the analysis units in the Xixiangtang District had a positive correlation. The most significant positive values were located near the high-density areas for CVDs, suggesting that sports and fitness facilities might have a positive correlation with the disease distribution in these areas. Meanwhile, the intensity of the negative correlation increased north of the areas with significant positive values, potentially pointing to other factors' potential moderating effects on the relationship between sports and CVDs.

The regression coefficients and their fluctuations for healthcare were relatively small, ranging from -1.235 to 3.352. In the Xixiangtang District, the vast majority of analysis units showed a positive correlation, especially in the northern regions. The southern areas exhibited negative correlations, highlighting potential differences in medical resources in that region.

Of all the built environment elements, road networks had the largest range of regression coefficients and fluctuations, swinging from -7905.743 to 411.617, demonstrating extremely strong spatial variability. Only a small portion of the spatial units in the Xixiangtang District showed positive correlations, while the significantly negative regions were mostly concentrated in high-incidence areas for CVDs. This phenomenon was similar to the negative correlation distribution trend of parks, pointing to a significantly negative correlation between park distribution and the distribution of CVDs. Notably, the effect of road networks was opposite to transportation facilities, which could be related to the connectivity of the road network and traffic congestion conditions, factors that could influence the incidence of CVDs.

This study reveals a high-density aggregation of CVDs and various built environment elements in the southeastern part of the study area, i.e., the urban central area. Through spatial statistical analysis, all examined environmental elements and CVDs showed high Moran's I values, indicating significant clustering in their spatial distribution. Furthermore, the positive spatial correlation between these environmental elements and CVDs corroborates the deep connection between the urban built environment and the incidence of CVDs.

Geodetector analysis reveals significant differences in the impact of different built environment elements on CVDs. Healthcare facilities had the most influence, followed by shopping, dining, and transportation facilities, while parks and road networks had relatively weaker impacts. Notably, the occurrence of CVDs is not only related to individual built environment elements but likely results from the combined effects of multiple elements. Further interaction detection analysis confirmed this hypothesis, finding that the joint impact of any two environmental elements was stronger than any individual element, showing a clear dual-factor enhancement effect. Specifically, the interaction between healthcare and shopping had the most significant impact on the distribution of CVDs, while the combined effect of road networks and parks was the least. By delving into individual factors and their interaction effects, this study reveals a comprehensive view of the impact of the built environment on CVDs, highlighting the complex relationships and differences between environmental elements and the occurrence of diseases.

The GWR model was used to analyze in detail how built environment elements affect CVDs in different regions, aiming to gain a deep understanding of the local effects of the built environment. The research results showed the regression coefficients of built environment elements and their range of variation. Specifically, the regression coefficients for dining exhibited relatively stable trends in spatial distribution. Although the overall impact was moderate, slight fluctuations revealed a slightly enhanced positive correlation in specific areas such as densely commercial or culturally vibrant dining regions. Particularly in the southern and northeastern parts, the combination of diverse dining options and frequent dining consumption patterns showed a slight positive correlation with CVD risk. This reflects the complex impact of dietary habits, food composition, and intake levels on cardiovascular health [ 60 , 61 ].

The regression coefficients for parks and squares showed relatively large fluctuations in spatial distribution, indicating significant regional heterogeneity. This is mainly due to factors such as differences in regional population density and per capita park and square area. In our study, the southeastern region, which is a high-incidence area for CVDs, exhibited negative regression coefficients for parks and squares. This is because this region is the central urban area with a high population density, leading to a significant shortage of per capita green space, thus showing a negative correlation. Conversely, in the northern region, where population distribution is more balanced and parks and squares are more abundant, the per capita green space is relatively sufficient. Therefore, CVD patients have more access to green spaces and exercise areas, showing a positive correlation [ 29 ].

The regression coefficients for shopping consumption showed the smallest fluctuations in spatial distribution. The positive and negative effects were not significantly different, with the positive effects being notably concentrated in the northern, northeastern, and southern commercial thriving areas. Compared to other regions, these areas might have relatively well-developed commercial facilities or superior shopping environments. This could indirectly affect CVD risk through various dimensions, such as physical exertion from walking or cycling during shopping and the regulation of psychological states like satisfaction and pleasure after shopping [ 44 ].

The regression coefficients for transportation facilities showed a significant positive correlation in high-incidence areas of CVDs, with notable fluctuations. This deeply reveals the direct and important impact of traffic conditions, especially congestion and pollution, on cardiovascular health across different regions. In traffic-dense areas such as city centers and transportation hubs, high traffic volume, severe congestion, and increased noise and air pollution collectively pose major threats to residents' cardiovascular health. This not only directly harms the cardiovascular system through accumulated psychological stress and exposure to air pollution but also further exacerbates the risk due to a lack of exercise opportunities [ 62 ].

The regression coefficients for sports and fitness facilities exhibited a high degree of heterogeneity in spatial distribution, showing a significant positive correlation in the southeastern high-incidence area for CVDs, which gradually shifts to a negative correlation towards the outer regions. This deeply reflects the regional differences in the allocation of sports and fitness facilities, residents' exercise habits, and participation rates. In areas with well-developed urban facilities and strong resident awareness of physical activity, the positive effects of sports and fitness activities on cardiovascular health are particularly significant. These activities effectively reduce CVD risk by enhancing physical activity, optimizing cardiopulmonary function, and lowering body fat percentage. However, in areas with relatively scarce sports facilities and poor exercise habits among residents, negative impacts may be observed, highlighting the potential threats to public health due to uneven distribution of sports resources and a lack of exercise culture [ 63 ].

The regression coefficients for healthcare services showed regional differences in spatial distribution. In the northern region, due to the lower population density, the abundance and superior quality of per capita healthcare resources have a significant positive effect on residents' cardiovascular health. In contrast, the southern region, with relatively scarce resources or limited service quality, fails to fully realize the potential benefits of healthcare services. This disparity not only reveals the current uneven distribution of healthcare resources but also emphasizes the importance of enhancing the equalization of healthcare services [ 64 ]. The positive impact of healthcare on CVDs is primarily achieved through efficient prevention, precise diagnosis, and timely treatment. Its effectiveness is influenced by multiple factors, including the sufficiency of medical resources, service quality, residents' healthcare-seeking behavior, medical policies, and technological advancements.

The road network and transportation facilities together constitute the urban transportation system. In the process of transportation planning, we advocate for the continuous optimization of the road network layout, reserving space for future traffic growth, and utilizing intelligent technology to optimize traffic signal management to alleviate congestion. Meanwhile, in the densely populated eastern and southeastern areas, we emphasize enhancing the convenience of public transportation by adding routes and optimizing station locations, making it the preferred mode of travel for residents. Additionally, measures such as the construction of sound barriers and green belts are implemented to effectively reduce noise and air pollution caused by public transportation. Furthermore, we actively promote green travel methods such as cycling and walking by building a comprehensive network of bike lanes and pedestrian paths, thereby promoting public health and environmental protection [ 20 ].

These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between built environment elements and CVDs. Therefore, it is essential to balance the integrated impact of these factors in urban planning and public health interventions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of existing research and our study's results, we propose the following viewpoints.

Firstly, healthcare is the primary factor influencing the distribution of CVDs. Living near medical institutions offers substantial benefits to cardiovascular patients, not only enhancing the accessibility of medical services but also helping to quickly respond to emergency medical situations, providing a sense of security for patients. We suggest establishing additional medical centers in the densely populated southeastern region to ensure that community members can easily access high-quality medical services [ 65 ].

Secondly, shopping and dining are the next most important factors affecting the spatial distribution of CVDs. Although the spatial variation of these factors is not significant, their long-term cumulative impact should not be overlooked. We recommend that future urban renewal or renovation efforts reasonably control and plan the density of commercial areas, especially in the eastern region. This requires ensuring that residents can enjoy convenient shopping services to meet their daily needs while avoiding the increased living costs and stress caused by excessive commercial concentration. Additionally, it is necessary to strengthen the management of dining environments, including encouraging dining establishments to offer more healthy food options, such as low-sugar, low-fat, and high-fiber dishes. It is also important to increase the availability of healthy dining options by establishing healthy restaurants and vegetarian eateries, while reasonably controlling and optimizing the layout and number of high-sugar and high-fat food outlets within communities to reduce health risks induced by frequent exposure to such foods [ 66 ].

Road networks and transportation facilities together form the city's transportation system. In transportation planning, we advocate for the continuous optimization of road network layouts, reserving space for future traffic growth, and leveraging intelligent technology to optimize traffic signal management to alleviate congestion. Additionally, enhancing the convenience of public transportation by adding routes and optimizing stops can make it the preferred mode of travel for residents. Complementing this with the construction of sound barriers and green belts can effectively reduce noise and air pollution caused by public transportation. Furthermore, promoting green travel methods such as cycling and walking by building a comprehensive network of cycling lanes and walking paths can foster both health and environmental benefits [ 20 ].

Sports and fitness facilities, along with parks and squares, are essential for improving residents' quality of life and promoting healthy lifestyles. During planning, sports and fitness facilities should be reasonably distributed, especially in the northern part of the study area, to ensure that all communities have convenient access to exercise amenities. Diverse fitness facilities catering to different age groups and exercise needs, such as basketball courts, soccer fields, and fitness equipment zones, should be provided to meet the varied exercise requirements of different groups. Additionally, parks and squares, as crucial spaces for residents' leisure and entertainment, should be planned with a harmonious balance of ecology and landscape. In densely populated and space-constrained southeastern areas, small green spaces, leisure seating, and children's play facilities can be added to provide residents with a pleasant environment for relaxation and nature interaction [ 67 ].

We have explored the mechanisms by which environmental elements impact CVDs and proposed suggestions for optimizing the urban built environment, but this paper still has certain limitations. The impact of the environment on health and disease is complex, and due to time and resource constraints, it was not possible to consider and analyze all potential variables comprehensively, which may have some impact on the research results. To further deepen the study of the relationship between the built environment and cardiovascular health, future research could consider the following aspects: first, expand the scope of research, collecting and analyzing data from different cities and regions to better understand geographical differences in the impact of the built environment on cardiovascular health; second, enhance the scientific nature of the research methods, using more objective and precise methods for data collection and analysis to improve the reliability and accuracy of the research; and finally, deepen the study of the mechanisms between the built environment and cardiovascular health, exploring biological and psychological mechanisms to better understand their relationship.

Focusing on the built-up area of Xixiangtang in Nanning City as the research area, this study delves into the intrinsic connection between the urban built environment and CVDs, uncovering several findings. Utilizing hospital cardiovascular data and urban POI data, and employing spatial analysis techniques such as KDE, spatial autocorrelation analysis, geodetectors, and GWR, we systematically assessed the extent and mechanisms through which various built environment elements impact CVDs. The results show a significant positive correlation between the urban built environment and CVDs. Particularly, healthcare facilities, shopping venues, restaurants, and transportation facilities have significant effects on the incidence and distribution of CVDs. The spatial aggregation of these elements and the dense distribution of CVDs demonstrate significant consistency, further confirming the close link between the built environment and CVDs. Simultaneously, we discovered spatial heterogeneity in the impact of different built environment elements on CVDs. This indicates that in planning and improving the urban environment, elements and areas with a greater impact on CVDs should be considered specifically.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

Cardiovascular Disease

Geographically weighted regression

Multiscale geographically weighted regression

The GeoDetector method

OpenStreetMap

Kernel Density Estimation

Points of Interest

Variance Inflation Factor

Application Programming Interface

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The General Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education in 2020: A Study on the Assessment and Planning of Healthy Cities Based on Spatial Data Mining (No. 20YJA630011) and the Natural Resources Digital Industry Academy Construction Project.

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D.S. Provides research topics, conceptual guidance, translation, paper revision and financial support; L.J. Conceived the framework and wrote the original draft; P.Y. Manuscript checking, chart optimization; L.W. Provided suggestions for revision, and reviewed and edited them; S.J. Is responsible for data acquisition and editing; Z.S. Edits the visual map.

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Our study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, as well as relevant national and institutional guidelines for human research. The study received approval from the Medical Ethics Committee of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Nationality Hospital (Approval No.: 2024–65). The de-identified data records from the cardiovascular department that we accessed and analyzed were authorized by Guangxi Nationality Hospital. These data were collected and maintained in compliance with the hospital's patient data management policies and procedures. Given that our study involved only a retrospective analysis of existing medical records, with no direct interaction with patients and no potential for causing any substantial harm, the Medical Ethics Committee of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Nationality Hospital determined that individual patient informed consent was not required. Nonetheless, we have ensured that all data used in the study were fully anonymized and protected, adhering to the highest standards of confidentiality and privacy.

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Deng, S., Liang, J., Peng, Y. et al. Spatial analysis of the impact of urban built environment on cardiovascular diseases: a case study in Xixiangtang, China. BMC Public Health 24 , 2368 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19884-x

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19884-x

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