urdu essay on depression

Close sidebar × Menu Find Doctors

Depression Meaning in Urdu - Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention

Mental illness is not a choice, but recovery is., explore common concerns.

Learn how professional support can help.

Hopelessness

Sleep Disorders

Frustration

Uncertainty

Depression is a mood disorder that elevates sadness and lack of interest. Consistent depression can disrupt our daily lifestyle and affect the way we behave – leading to a variety of emotional and physical challenges. Most people with depression feel better with medication, psychotherapy, or both.

Get the Help You Need

Choose a Psychologist If you need an mental health assessment & help with coping.

Choose a psychiatrist if you need a intensive treatment or medication., communicate your way.

Effective Counseling begins when you feel comfortable.

Counseling via Chat

Get a Video Consultation

Book a Clinical Appointment

Take a Quiz

Medically-reviewed quizzes. Instant results.

How stressed out are you?

Could it be depression?

Is it anxiety?

Read More About Depression

Self-help tips & resources. Reviewed by professionals.

Depression During Pregnancy

6 Natural Ways That Can Help To Treat Depression During Pregnancy

Signs Of Depression In Women

9 Surprising Signs Of Depression In Women

Seasonal Depression And Sunlight!

Relationship Between Seasonal Depression And Sunlight!

How To Not Let Others Effect Your Mental Health

Alarming Situation: How To Not Let Others Effect Your Mental Health?

Teen's Mental Health

How to Keep Your Teen's Mental Health in Check

Mental Health Issues & Solutions

Mental Health Issues And Solutions With Dr Junaid Rasool

What is the main problem of depression?

Clinical depression, also known as major depressive disorder, affects how you feel, think, and behave and can cause a number of emotional and physical issues. You can find it difficult to carry out your regular daily tasks, and you might occasionally think life is not worth living.

What age has the most depression?

In 2019, 21% of persons who had any depression symptoms in the previous two weeks were between 18 and 29 years old, according to CDC data. This is the adult age group with the highest incidence.

How does depression develop?

According to research, having too much or too little of a certain brain chemical does not necessarily cause depression. Instead, there are other potential explanations for depression, such as poor mood regulation by the brain, hereditary susceptibility, and traumatic life experiences.

What is the only way to cure depression?

The majority of depressed persons find relief from their symptoms with medications and counseling. Medication can be prescribed by your primary care physician or psychiatrist to treat symptoms. But many depressed individuals also gain benefits and desired results from consulting a psychologist or a mental health specialist.

What foods should you avoid if you have depression?

2 Processed meat

3 Fried food

4 Refined cereals

6 High-fat dairy products

8 Energy Drinks and Sodas

Summary about Depression

Marham enlists the best doctors for depression in {{area}} {{city}}. Book an appointment or online consultation with a doctor for the management of gastritis. Consult the most experienced specialists for depression based on their qualifications, patient reviews, location, and fees.

What is Depression?

Major depressive disorder is a mental illness that negatively affects your thinking and behavior. It is a constant feeling of sadness and loss of interest in pleasure activities. Depression affects the emotional and physical health of a person and his everyday activities. Antidepressant medicines and psychological counseling treat depression.

What are the symptoms of Depression?

The most noticeable symptoms of depression are;

Persistent sadness and low energy levels

Disturbances in sleeping and eating schedules

Low moods and suicidal thoughts

What causes Depression?

A few causes of depression are;

Environmental factors such as trauma or loss of a loved one

Genetic factors that cause alterations in the neurotransmitters 

Hormonal disturbances that can be triggered during pregnancy or thyroid disease

How to diagnose Depression?

Depression is diagnosed using lab tests to rule out other diseases. A psychiatric evaluation is also performed by a psychiatrist to diagnose the type and stage of depression.

What is the treatment for Depression?

Depression is treated by using;

Antidepressants

Psychotherapy or talk therapy

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Consult the best psychiatrist for depression in {{city}} now to avoid any complications. You can also book a video consultation through Marham to discuss your symptoms with the most experienced doctor for depression in {{area}} {{city}}.

Symptoms of Depression

Although there are several types of depression, many of them have similar recognizable symptoms. This list scratches the surface, but gives a general idea of what depression is:

Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, uselessness, or emptiness.

Irritability, frustration, or anxiety.

Loss of interest in activities or hobbies that were once pleasant.

Sleep disturbances or too much sleep

Fatigue and lack of energy.

Difficulties in thinking, remembering, concentrating, or making decisions

Changes in appetite or weight

Returning thoughts about death or suicide.

Physical symptoms such as migraine , abdominal pain, or back pain

If you have a combination of these symptoms for at least two weeks, it probably means you are currently suffering from a depressive episode.

Risk Factors of Depression

Risk factors of the depression include, if you have depression in your family then there are many chances that you developed depression. Early childhood trauma is the biggest reason for depression. If the frontal lobe of the brain is not active, there are chances particular individual might develop depression. A certain medical condition in the individual might develops depression that is a chronic illness or ADHD. Drug abuser also has chances of developing depression.

Preventive Measures of Depression

The treatment of the depression is possible and treatment can improve the quality of life and individual enjoy a healthy life. Treatment of depression includes medications and psychotherapies. Psychiatrists use medication for the treatment of the depression while the psychologist uses psychological therapies.

Depression Treatment in Other Cities

Best psychiatrist in other cities of pakistan.

Available: 15/7 For Your Service

The doctor's assistant is here to help you

Call to book an appointment or for any queries

Available: 09:00 AM - 11:00 PM

Search by Doctors, Symptoms, Specialties & Hospitals.

We are here to help you :)

Feel free to call our helpline

We use necessary cookies to make our site work for you. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have understood our Cookie Policy I Agree

• Medical Directory
• Health Pictures
• Health Videos

نفسیاتی دباؤ کی وجوہات

کیا آپ نے کبھی سوچا کہ نفسیاتی دباؤ کی اصل وجہ کیا ہے؟ ممکن ہے کہ آپ نے بھی زندگی میں کسی نہ کسی مرحلہ پر ڈپریشن یا نفسیاتی دباؤکا سامنا کیا ہو۔ کیا آپ نے کبھی یہ جاننے کی کوشش کی کچھ لوگ ڈپریشن کا نشانہ کیوں بنتے ہیں اور کچھ لوگ کیوں نہیں بنتے؟

Disclaimer: All material on this website is provided for your information only and may not be construed as medical advice or instruction. No action or inaction should be taken based solely on the contents of this information; instead, readers should consult appropriate health professionals on any matter relating to their health and well-being. The data information and opinions expressed here are believed to be accurate, which is gathered from different sources but might have some errors. Hamariweb.com is not responsible for errors or omissions. Doctors and Hospital officials are not necessarily required to respond or go through this page.

Depression - Symptoms, Risk factors and Treatment

Last updated on saturday, august 31, 2024, depression in urdu.

کیا آپ اکثر بغیر کسی وجہ کے کم محسوس کرتے ہیں؟ یہ ٹھیک ہے۔ آپ اپنی زندگی کے بڑے واقعات یا پریشان کن ادوار کے بعد ایسا محسوس کر سکتے ہیں۔ ہم سب اپنی زندگی کے مختلف مراحل سے گزرتے ہیں اور مختلف چیلنجوں کا سامنا کرتے ہیں جو ہمیں احساس کمتری میں مبتلا کر سکتے ہیں۔ آپ میں اعتماد کی کمی ہو سکتی ہے، یا آپ کسی سے بات نہیں کرنا چاہتے، یا آپ کو کم محسوس ہونے کی وجہ سے آپس میں ملنا نہیں چاہتے۔ لیکن یہ ایک دو دن میں گزر جائے گا۔ کم مزاجی زیادہ دیر تک نہیں رہتی۔

تاہم، اگر یہ طویل عرصے تک برقرار رہتا ہے، تو آپ کو صحت کی دیکھ بھال کرنے والے سے مشورہ کرنا چاہیے کیونکہ یہ ڈپریشن کی علامت ہو سکتی ہے۔

ڈپریشن کی ایک بڑی قسط کے دوران، انسان کی توانائی کی سطح بہت کم ہو جاتی ہے اور اس کے ارد گرد کی دنیا ٹوٹتی اور بکھرتی محسوس ہوتی ہے۔ شدید غم اور غصے کے جذبات ہیں۔ وہ شخص ان سرگرمیوں میں دلچسپی کھو دیتا ہے جو پہلے اسے پرجوش کرتی تھیں۔ ایک چھوٹا سا کام کرنا ایک بڑی چیز کی طرح محسوس ہوتا ہے جسے پورا کرنا ہے، اور وہ شخص معمول سے زیادہ دیر تک سو سکتا ہے۔ کم خود اعتمادی اور بے وقعتی کے احساسات انسان کو اپنی لپیٹ میں لینے لگتے ہیں، اور وہ خودکشی کے خیالات بھی لے سکتے ہیں۔

Depression in English

Do you often feel low without any reason? That is alright. You may feel like that after major events or distressing periods of your life. All of us go through different stages of our lives and face different challenges that can make us feel low. You may lack confidence, or do not want to talk to someone, or do not want to socialize because you are feeling low. But it will pass in a day or two. The low mood does not remain for a long time. 

However, if it persists for a long time, you must consult with a healthcare provider as it can be a sign of depression.

During a major depressive episode, the energy levels of the person become very low and the world around them feels to collapse and shatter. There are feelings of extreme sadness and anger. The person loses interest in activities that previously used to excite them. Doing a simple small task feels like a big thing to accomplish, and the person may sleep for longer than usual periods. Feelings of low self-esteem and worthlessness begin to take over a person, and they may even get suicidal thoughts.

Symptoms of Depression

The signs and symptoms of depression may continue for a long time. Also, they are severe as compared to a low mood. They can be as follows;

• Feeling angry and agitated
• Losing interest in activities in which you were interested before.
• Crying and feeling of hopelessness
• Loss of concentration
• Laying on couch/bed for a long time
• Avoiding exposure to friends and family
• Thinking negatively
• Feeling tired all the time
• Lack of energy
• Alterations in eating habits-either overeating or loss of appetite
• Why Are You Feeling Low?
• The reasons that can make you feel low can be
• Having any disease or a chronic condition
• Losing a loved one
• Losing a job
• Unable to achieve your goal
• Lack of sleep in the night
• Comparing your life with someone else
• Job stress and workload
• Company of negative people
• A toxic relationship

How Can You Get Rid of Depression?

To get rid of depression, you can do the following activities;

Do Some Interesting Activities

If you are depressed, engage yourself in different interesting activities like painting, drawing, or pottery. These kinds of activities help you to connect with yourself and refresh your mind. They let your brain get rid of negative thoughts going on in your mind. If you often feel low, list down the activities, and incorporate them into your routine. Doing that will lift your mood, eventually letting you feel better. 

Talk to Someone

Pouring your heart out is essential to get rid of the thoughts that are bothering you. Speak to someone in your family or friend whom you trust. Tell them about the thing that is making you feel low. A heart-to-heart conversation with a loved one can help in finding out solutions to your problems. Moreover, if you are upset with someone you love, talk to them. Do not avoid talking due to the fear of losing that person. Lack of communication can be dangerous for any relationship. Therefore connecting is essential in any relationship. 

Get A Good Night Sleep

Sleeping is an essential component of keeping yourself healthy. If you want to stay fit, both physically and mentally, you must take a proper good night's sleep. When you do not sleep well at night, you constantly feel agitated in the daytime. Furthermore, when you sleep at night, your body repairs and heals itself, which helps you get rid of many diseases as well as depression.  

Conclusion 

Depression can occur due to the different circumstances of your life. Staying positive in hard times is the key to recovery. Moreover, talk to your loved ones about the things bothering you. Try to figure out the cause and find out the solution to the problem. Engage yourself in interesting activities. Do not overthink, and get rid of all the negative thoughts going on in your mind. If you need help to get rid of depression, and low mood, you can consult with a healthcare provider.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is depression meaning in urdu.

Depression meaning in urdu is Zehni dabao ذہنی دباؤ

What is the main reason of depression?

There is no single cause of depression, but rather a combination of biological, social, and psychological factors that contribute to its risk. Biologically, depression may be caused by disruptions in neurotransmitters such as serotonin, changes in brain chemistry, genetic predisposition, and hormonal changes. Socially, stressful and traumatic life events, limited access to resources, and a lack of social support can increase vulnerability to depression. Psychologically, negative thoughts and problematic coping behaviors, such as avoidance and substance use, can also contribute to depression.

What is depression symptoms?

Common symptoms of depression include feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and thoughts of death or suicide.

How do people cope with depression?

There are several ways to cope with depression, including lifestyle changes, cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, and support from family and friends. Lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, getting enough sleep, and avoiding substance use can all help to reduce symptoms of depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of psychotherapy that helps to identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to depression. Medication can also be helpful in managing depression. Lastly, having a strong support system of family and friends can be beneficial in managing depression.

Doctors For Depression

Dr. Junaid Rasool

Psychiatrist

Dr. Maahin Rizwan

Assist. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shoaib Zafar

Dr. Humna Jahangir

Dr. Muryam Nawaz

Dr. Naila Tahir

Dr. Imad Bashir

Dr. Hassan Bhutta

Dr. Nadia Khalid

Doctors for Depression in Different Cities

Top labs in pakistan.

Consult a doctor today!

Connect with doctor online from your home.

Book labtest online !

Get your labtest done from your home.

Buy Medicine online !

Get your Medicine at your home.

Change City

Popular cities.

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Translation, adaptation and validation of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale in Urdu

2020, Insights on the Depression and Anxiety

Related Papers

Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute

Mifrah Sethi

Objective: To translate and validate the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in Pashto. Methodology: This study was conducted in Peshawar from July 2015 to January 2016 on 216 participants. The participants consisted of two groups; Students (n=111), and patients (n=105). The mean age of the sample was 21.8 ± 5.6 years with majority females [n=132 (61.1%)], unmarried [n=181, (83.2%)], and were educated to a level of intermediate or higher [n= 201, (93.1%)]. Three bilingual experts, using forward-backward method, translated HADS from English to Pashto. Both, English and Pashto version of HADS were given to the participants separately. Pashto version of Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI) was also given to find out its correlation with HADS. The data were analysed using SPSS v. 20 and AMOS. Results: HADS Pashto version, well discriminated between both groups of participants indicating that anxiety and depression scores were significantly higher in patient group of participants as...

Pakistan Business Review, 16

Asim Farooq

Aim of the present study was to translate and validate subjective job stress scale (SJSS) into Urdu, by providing an Urdu version of the said scale which has been validated upon the indigenous population. For this purpose ITC (2010) guidelines were followed in translating the scale (forward & backward translations) and the resultant scale after pilot testing was validated by administration on 597 working adults, including 391 males and 206 females belonging to three cities, Karachi, Multan and Lahore. Out of the total respondents, 50 were later reached for test-retest reliability. For validation and determination of psychometric properties, different measures of Reliability & Validity Analysis were carried out. The latter was carried out by assessing Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (.82), Split-half (Gutman) coefficient (.86), and Test-retest reliability (.70). For validity analysis scores on SJSS translation were correlated with scores of Perceived Stress Scale, (r =.86, p<.01), Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem scale (r = -.72, p<.01), and Job Satisfaction Survey (r = -.69, p<.01), which proved adequate convergent validity. Hence the instrument was found to be an adequate measure of Job Stress to be used with local Pakistani workforce

African Journal of Psychological Assessment

Erica Munnik

The International Test Commission (ITC) established guidelines for test adaptations. The ITC encourages the adaptation of locally developed measures with proven validity. A good quality translation process ensures that the same meaning is conveyed from the source to the target language. Through test adaptation, researchers focus on cultural differences between the source and the target language to maintain linguistic equivalence. Research involving adaptation has systematically failed to report on the rigour of the translation process and to make translation part of the empirical process. The ITC guidelines are generally referred to; however, the assessment of the quality of translations and the process of establishing linguistic equivalence remain an important research focus. This study reports on the development of the Quality of Translation and Linguistic Equivalence Checklist (QTLC). The construction of the QTLC was based on ITC guidelines. The QTLC consists of two sections, tra...

International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research

Joanna Murray

International Journal of Nursing Practice

Wan Ling Lee

AimTo investigate semantic equivalence between two translated versions of the heart quality of life (HeartQoL) questionnaire produced by the forward‐backward and dual‐panel methods.MethodsThe forward‐backward and dual‐panel versions of HeartQoL were self‐administered among 60 participants who met the inclusion criteria of being a native Bahasa Malaysia‐speaking Malay, aged 18 and older, having an indexed diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease and being cognitively fit. The administration sequence of the two versions was randomized. Additionally, three sociolinguists, who were blinded to translation processes and survey findings, rated the translated versions against the source version on three aspects of semantic equivalence.ResultsTextual content in both translated versions was considerably similar (n = 9/14 items, ≈64%). The overall results from weighted kappa, raw agreement, intraclass correlations, and Wilcoxon signed‐rank as well as experts&#39; ratings were confirmative of seman...

IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication

Mustafa Shabanipoor

The Israel journal of psychiatry and related sciences

Michal Arnon

The purpose of the study was to assess the translation adequacy of a Hebrew version of the POMS, and to report the decision-making process of overcoming methodological flaws. The English version was translated to Hebrew by expert team approach. Factor analysis for construct validation was predominantly used for assessment, in addition to other techniques: back translation, use of bilingual subjects, and correlation with other instruments for concurrent validation. The final 28-item Hebrew version has suitable psychometric properties. Of the six dimensions on the English version scale, five dimensions--&quot;anger,&quot; &quot;depression:&#39; &quot;fatigue,&quot; &quot;tension&quot; and &quot;vigor&quot;--were found comparable to the English version, while &quot;confusion&quot; was deleted. The pre-testing was performed on students only. Although the study shows valid psychometric properties, further studies in various populations are needed to assess the sensitivity of the scale to...

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association

Farrukh Akhtar

To translate and validate Generalized Anxiety Disorder -7scale in Urdu, for use in Pakistan in the primary healthcare setups. The validation study was conducted at the Combined Military Hospital, Gilgit, Pakistan, from February to May 2016.We followed a systematic six-step process to validate the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale in the target population. The instrument was translated independently and then fused together. Back-translation was followed by recommendations by an expert committee, and face validity improvement by a language expert. A pilot study was done to get user&#39;s feedback on the construct. Volunteers were administered the questionnaire for validation procedure, along with a well-being scale, at three different cities representing volunteers from four different administrative regions of Pakistan. There were 285 volunteers in the study. Principal component exploratory factor analysis supported unidimensional structure of the scale with an eigenvalue of 5.18 a...

Jean Fourie

Little scholarly reflection has been published on the subject of medical research and translation. The aim of this study is to contribute to such literature by investigating the quality of original and retranslated medical questionnaires. The various steps medical researchers follow when translating their questionnaires are considered and discussed. Particular attention is given to questionnaires on AIDS-related topics in South Africa, as well as to the role of translation in ensuring the collection of valid data in medical research. Different translation approaches, which are followed when translating medical texts, and the impact they have on the quality of the research, are discussed. These approaches are the linguistic, text-linguistic and functional approaches. Attention is given to translators as communicators and mediators, as well as to the more general role of the translator. This study hypothesises that the quality of translations of medical research questions is largely i...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

Dr. Sarwat Sultan

International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies

Rusdi Noor Rosa

Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science

minoo ranjbar

Bezmialem Science

falih Al-emara

Ruxandra Comanaru

Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research

Andrew Bottomley

Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ]

DR.Abdulaziz Alshomrani

American Journal of Occupational Therapy

Chia-Ting Su

BMC Psychiatry

Peter Griffiths

Journal of advanced …

Eleanor Holroyd

Journal of Geriatric Care and Research (JGCR)

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry _

The Journal of Pain

Maurizio Sabbatini

Sonali Tambe

Jakob Burcharth , Hans-christian Pommergaard

Catherine Acquadro

Quality of Life Research

Sangeeta Chattoo

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

Jakob Bjorner

Adelina Hild

Titela VILCEANU

International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies

Esmail Behtash

International Journal of Nursing Studies

Ayman hamdan mansour

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• J Clin Diagn Res
• v.11(8); 2017 Aug

Prevalence and Severity of Depression in a Pakistani Population with at least One Major Chronic Disease

Ansab godil.

1 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Muhammad Saad Ali Mallick

2 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Arsalan Majeed Adam

3 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

4 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Akash Khetpal

5 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Razna Afzal

6 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Maliha Salim

7 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Naureen Shahid

8 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Introduction

Diabetes, anaemia, hypertension and asthma are major contributors to morbidity in our society. Depression is the commonest psychological malady diagnosed in hospital settings. There tends to be some overlap between certain chronic systemic illnesses and depressive disorders, this point towards the need to determine relationships between them, if any.

To determine the prevalence and compare the severity of depression among individuals diagnosed with four of the most common chronic diseases in our community.

Materials and Methods

This cross-sectional study was carried out among patients with chronic diseases visiting a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan from August 2015 to August 2016. The Beck Depression Inventory-II*, a 21-item self-report instrument was used to assess the severity of depression. Categorical variables were compared using Chi-square test while intergroup comparisons were performed using one way ANOVA test. Logistic regression was employed to estimate the odds of Category B depression (moderate and severe levels of depression) in chronic diseases.

The prevalence of anaemia, hypertension, diabetes and asthma was 90%, 47%, 26% and 23% respectively. Predictors of Category B depression were anaemia (OR=4.21, 95% CI: 1.30-13.56) and diabetes (OR=2.03, 95% CI: 1.09-3.77). Asthma predicted Category B depression in males (OR=1.26, 95% CI: 0.29-5.42) but not in females (OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.39-1.52). Individuals with hypertension were less likely to report Category B depression than non-hypertensive (OR=0.72, 95% CI 0.43-1.21). Female gender had a greater influence to develop Category B depression than males (OR= 2.96, 95% CI: 1.93-4.55).

Our study points towards a strong correlation between depression and chronic diseases especially anaemia and diabetes. This cautions medical practitioners against treatment of depressive disorders and chronic diseases as separate, independent entities.

Depression is a mental health disorder wherein low mood and low energy can affect a person’s thoughts, feelings, behaviour and sense of well-being [ 1 ]. It is characterized by disturbed sleeping pattern, change in appetite, fatigue, irritability, reduced ability to concentrate, difficulty in decision making and even suicidal thoughts. Depression is a common psychological state affecting over 350 million people from all age groups [ 2 ]. Unipolar depressive disorder is expected to be the most significant cause of disease burden by the year 2030 [ 3 ]. Marked as one of the most common unidentified mental health problems in Pakistan, masked by long-term illnesses and psychological disturbances, depression plays a key role in worsening the prognosis of chronic diseases. The risk of developing depression in the general population is 10%-25% in females and 5%-12% in males; whereas, in patients with chronic conditions the risk increases up to 25%-33% [ 4 ]. Chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, asthma, hypertension and anaemia are the most common comorbidities in a hospital setting.

Diabetes is a group of metabolic syndromes with uncontrolled high levels of blood glucose. Type I diabetes, also known as Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), is a genetic disorder resulting in inability of pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin. Type II diabetes, also known as Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), is caused by ‘insulin resistance’ i.e., target cells stop responding to insulin. It is strongly associated with a sedentary life style and obesity. Depression is an important comorbid of both Type I and Type II diabetes, possibly because diabetes requires significant lifestyle changes to cope with the disease. Changes with regard to controlling blood sugar through dietary restrictions lead the way for depressive symptoms as early as the person is diagnosed with the disease. It has been demonstrated that the prevalence of depression is higher in diabetics than in non-diabetics [ 5 - 7 ] and approximately 43 million patients with diabetes suffer with depressive symptoms [ 8 ].

Asthma, another common chronic condition affected by both genetic and environmental factors, is an inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract. It is characterized by reversible episodes of airway obstruction, bronchospasm, shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing. Symptoms of severe asthma, such as dyspnoea (shortness of breath) leading to wakening of a patient from sleep, has a strong correlation with depression [ 9 ].

One of the most commonly prevailing long term illnesses includes hypertension. It is defined as arterial blood pressure of more than 140/90 mmHg. It is a chronic disease that requires drastic lifestyle and dietary modifications in order to maintain a normal blood pressure. A study highlighted a three times higher frequency of depressive symptoms in hypertensive patients [ 10 ], hence there is a need for reassurance and psychological feedback in hypertensive patients.

Anaemia, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is the blood plasma Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration of less than 12 g/dl in women and 13 g/dl in men [ 11 ]. There are several theories in medical literature linking anaemia and depression. Anaemia is strongly associated with decreased muscle strength and fatigue (due to reduced oxygenation), adversely affecting a patient’s quality of life which can facilitate the development of depressive symptoms in an anemic individual [ 12 , 13 ].

The purpose of this study is to highlight the prevalence of depression among individuals diagnosed with four of the most common chronic diseases i.e., diabetes, asthma, hypertension and anaemia. It also seeks to compare the severity of depressive symptoms amongst each of the chronic diseases.

This cross-sectional study was conducted at a Civil Hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. The study protocol was approved by local Ethical Committee and prior to obtaining consent, all participants were explained about the purpose of the study and the relevant procedures involved. The study duration was one year from August 2015 to August 2016. A total of 515 patients who had been admitted to the medical wards around the year were evaluated. The participant’s cooperation rate was 95% which yielded a final sample size of 489. Participants were selected via convenience sampling.

Patients with psychiatric disorders, any type of cognitive impairment such as dementia and mental retardation, patients on anti-depressants, females in post-partum period and patients who had undergone any traumatic event within the last six months were excluded from the study. Patients above 18 years of age; confirmed diagnosis of at least any one of the following chronic illnesses: diabetes, asthma, hypertension and anaemia; and patients who could speak and understand Urdu (the questionnaire was translated into Urdu for easier and unambiguous communication with the local population) were included in the study.

Previously diagnosed patients with diabetes and asthma were put into respective categories; patients who had a history of consuming anti-hypertensive medications were classified as hypertensives; patients with consistently low levels of Hb in their previous medical records were classified as anaemics. A pilot study was conducted on 40 patients (who were not included in the total sample) to test and rectify any shortcomings in the study questionnaire. Interviewer’s bias was reduced by selecting individuals with the same academic background, training them and keeping them unaware of the study’s results.

The final questionnaire was divided into three sections ‘medical history and demographic details’, ‘laboratory values’ and ‘Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale’. The Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI-II), a 21-item self-report instrument was used to assess the severity of depression via scores assigned to each question. Total score of 0-13 is ‘minimal’, 14-19 is ‘mild’, 20-28 is ‘moderate’ and 29-63 is ‘severe’ [ 14 ].

Statistical Analysis

The data was entered manually into the SPSS Statistics, version 17.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). No imputation method was used to replace missing values and only completely filled questionnaires were included in the study. The normality was assessed using Shapiro-Wilk test. All the categorical variables were expressed as frequencies (percentages) and compared by the Pearson’s Chi-square test. Age, a continuous variable was expressed as mean±standard deviation and intergroup comparisons were performed using one way ANOVA test. Random Blood Sugar (RBS), Hb, duration of diabetes, hypertension and asthma were divided into two categories each, according to their median values.

The four classes of depression according to BDI scale (mild, minimal, moderate, severe) were divided into two categories A and B i.e., less severe and more severe depression respectively. Category A included mild and minimal levels of depression whereas Category B included moderate and severe levels of depression.

Logistic regression models were applied in order to determine the association of Category B depression (dependent variable) with each chronic disease (independent variable). Unadjusted and adjusted models 1 and 2, Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were calculated. In Model 1, age, marital status, RBS level and Hb level were adjusted. In Model 2, the rest of the chronic diseases along with the variables mentioned in Model 1 were adjusted. In total samples, both models were further adjusted for gender.

Similarly, logistic regression was applied to determine the association of socio-demographic factors like age, gender, marital status and laboratory indices like RBS and Hb (independent variable) with severity of depression among individuals having atleast one chronic illness (dependent variable). A two-tailed p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Mean±Standard Deviation (SD) age of the study sample was 42.18 (±15.74). Majority of the individuals were females (n=289, 59.1%), belonged to 40-60 age group (n=249, 50.9%) and were married (n=390, 79.8%). The mean±SD BDI score of the total sample was 17.78±8.91 (range 0-63). Most of the participants (n=185, 37.8%) were categorised under the minimal classification of BDI scale. Severely depressed individuals were almost one-third of the minimal depressed group of which mostly were females (n=55, 89%) and many were from youngest group (n=20, 32%). Amongst the participants with RBS >138 mg/dl, most of them were minimally depressed (n=132, 55.2%), while amongst those participants with RBS<138, most of them were mildly depressed (n=84, 33.6%). A similar pattern was observed in participants with Hb>10 and Hb<10, respectively [ Table/Fig-1 ]. Of the total, 32.9% (n=161) patients had one, 49.9% (n=244) patients had two, 14.1% (n=69) patients had three and only 3.1% (n=15) had all the four chronic diseases [ Table/Fig-2 ].

[Table/Fig-1]:

Frequency distribution of participants by socio-demographic features and selected variables.

Data presented as frequency (percentages) and means±SD

±p value<0.05 was considered statistically significant

±±One-way ANOVA was used to compare continuous variable that was normally distributed

Hb: Haemoglobin; RBS: Random Blood Sugar; SD: Standard Deviation.

Bar chart showing frequency of patients having one or more chronic diseases.

The prevalence of anaemia, hypertension, diabetes and asthma was 90%, 47%, 26% and 23% respectively. Anaemia was the most prevalent chronic illness with females predominantly affected (n=274, 62.3%). Amongst anaemics, most of them had minimal depression (n=156, 35.5%) while most of the severely depressed ones were females (n=53, 85%). Nearly half of the hypertensives (n=109, 47.6%) were minimally depressed in contrast to only a small portion of them (n=25, 10.9%) afflicted with severe depression. Among diabetics, there were an equal number suffering from minimal and mild depression (n=48, 38.1%) and an equal number suffering from moderate and severe depression (n=15, 11.9%). Asthma was the least prevalent disease in our sample. Asthmatics had mostly minimal (n=44, 39.3%) and moderate levels of depression (n=32, 28.6%). Most of the patients who had one chronic disease were mildly depressed (n=53, 32.9%) while a majority of the patients who had two (n=106, 43.4%) or three (n=33, 47.8%) chronic diseases were categorized under the minimal classification of BDI scale. Those patients who had all four chronic diseases were mostly severely depressed (n=7, 46.7%) [ Table/Fig-3 ].

[Table/Fig-3]:

Frequency and duration of chronic disease according to BDI scale.

Data presented as frequency (percentages)

± p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant

Pearson’s Chi-square (χ 2 ) test was used to compare categorical variables; HTN: Hypertension

[ Table/Fig-4 ] shows unadjusted and adjusted OR and 95% CI for Category B depression in the four major chronic diseases (i.e., presence vs. absence of each disease) in each gender for the total sample (more detail on adjusted model 1 and 2 is given in statistical analysis). Predictors of Category B depression in the fully adjusted Model 2 were anaemia (OR=4.21) and diabetes (OR=2.03). It should be noted that asthma predicted Category B depression in males (OR=1.26) but not in females (OR=0.77). Moreover, anaemic females were 9.3 times more likely to report Category B depression than non-anaemic females. Similarly, anaemic males were 2.4 times more likely to report Category B depression than non-anaemic males.

[Table/Fig-4]:

Category B depression in individuals with vs. without chronic disease.

Both models in ‘Total’ sample were further adjusted for gender.

Individuals with hypertension were less likely to report Category B depression than non-hypertensives (OR=0.72).

Overall female gender had a greater influence to develop Category B depression (OR=2.96). Participants with RBS <138 were about 4.0 times more likely to develop Category B depression than those with RBS>138. While participants with Hb >10 were approximately 1.9 times more likely to develop Category B depression than those with Hb <10. Males with RBS <138 were 7.1 times more likely to report Category B depression than those with RBS >138. In contrast, females with RBS <138 were 3.1 times more likely to report Category B depression than those with RBS >138. Males with Hb >10 were 3.2 times more likely to report Category B depression than those with Hb <10. In contrast, females with Hb >10 were 4.2 times more likely to report Category B depression than those with Hb <10 [ Table/Fig-5 ].

[Table/Fig-5]:

Socio-demographic factors and laboratory indices predicting Category B depression in participants with at least one chronic disease.

RBS: random blood sugar; Hb: Haemoglobin.

This report represents the first epidemiologic study on the frequency and severity of depression in four of the most common chronic diseases in Pakistan; anaemia, hypertension, diabetes and asthma. Similar to previous studies, we found a significant association between depression and the aforementioned chronic conditions in our community. We also found a higher depression risk in patients with anaemia and hypertension as compared to asthma and diabetes. Association of depression with chronic diseases is well established in previous literature [ 15 , 16 ]. A cross-sectional study conducted by Patten SB et al., found an increased risk of major depression in patients with chronic medical disorders compared to those without such disorders (4% vs. 2.8%) [ 17 ]. Burden of medical bills, fear of losing one’s job and reduction in earning power may be a potentiating factor for developing depression in these patients. This situation is alarming as it could have a negative impact on the patient’s well-being. In spite of the elevated morbidity, disability, mortality and reduced quality of life, comorbid depression continues to be under-recognized and undertreated [ 18 - 21 ], possibly due to the stigma attached to it leading to poor patient compliance. An understanding of the course of depression and its masked presentation is crucial to the medical management of patients with chronic illness. Comorbid depression is associated with increased symptom burden; functional impairment; greater costs due to overutilization of medical services; poor adherence to lifestyle alterations such as diet control, regular exercise, abstinence from smoking and timely medications; as well as direct pathophysiological effects on inflammatory mediators, metabolic parameters hypothalamic-pituitary pathway and the autonomic nervous system [ 22 ].

Our results also illustrated that most of the patients were categorized under the minimal classification of BDI scale. As opposed to findings from western literature where the severity of depression is slightly higher, there are several protective elements that may inhibit the development of depression in our community, explaining the low incidence of comorbid depression in our population. These factors include the eastern cultural values and the extended family systems. Several studies from the West and Asia have presented that social support reduces the development of depressive symptoms in people with chronic disorders [ 23 , 24 ]. Familial relations and interactions within a closely knitted community are of particular importance in Pakistani population, and family support is vital especially in times of illness and during treatment. A chronically ill individual should be advised to establish good familial relations. Along with the patient, the attendants should be counselled in their role in patient satisfaction and betterment. As was expected, patients suffering from all four chronic diseases manifested with severe depression in our study probably due to a poor quality of life and increased medical expenses from managing so many ailments.

Our data also shows that women are significantly more likely to be depressed as compared to men. A previous study reported prevalence of depressive symptoms was more in women than in men (19.7% vs. 13.9%) [ 17 ]. Prior studies have implicated a role for female hormones, such as estrogen, however the relationship of depression and estrogen is very diverging with studies establishing both positive and negative association [ 25 , 26 ]. Furthermore, education is likely to enhance female independence: women develop greater confidence and capabilities to make decisions regarding their own health. Educated individuals are more likely to seek medical care and consequently become diagnosed with depression and chronic disease [ 27 ]. Women from our setup have little to no education, leaving them more dependent on others during their illness. Additionally, previous studies have noted women’s higher vulnerability to the adverse mental health effects of a lower socioeconomic status as compared to men [ 27 ]. Public health policy can benefit from understanding gender differences to better address the mental health needs of the community. Another noteworthy finding is that most severely depressed patients belonged to a younger age group. We generally do not anticipate chronic diseases at a younger age; however, the ones that do develop such diseases earlier in life report greater depressive symptoms than those who develop them later [ 28 ].

Moreover, there is a greater sense of hopelessness as compared to older individuals as they see a lifetime ahead with a debilitating condition which may compromise their quality of life.

Anaemia was found to be the highest prevailing chronic illness in our set-up with the highest frequency of comorbid depression. According to WHO and the National Health Survey of Pakistan (NHSP), among Pakistani non-pregnant women aged 15-49 years, 51% had blood haemoglobin concentration of less than 12 g/dl and overall mean blood haemoglobin concentration was 11.7 g/ dl whereas haemoglobin in young men varied from 12% to 28% depending on socioeconomic status [ 29 , 30 ]. Several theories have been postulated for the relationship of depression with anaemia. Firstly, reduced muscle strength and weakness are commonly associated with anaemia and may have a negative effect on the patient’s quality of life, therefore promoting the development of depressive symptoms [ 31 ]. Secondly, malnutrition, a common cause of anaemia, can lead to development of comorbid depression. Majority of the population coming to a tertiary care hospital setting belong to a low socioeconomic group; hence, have a poor nutritional status. Patients with comorbid depression visit a healthcare facility more frequently as compared to medically ill patients without depression, which means that the physician has more opportunities to screen and monitor the mental health status of these individuals. Himelhoch S et al., illustrated that emergency room visits are two to three times more common among patients with diabetes and hypertension who have depression as opposed to chronically ill patients without depression [ 32 ]. One possible explanation is that depressed patients have an enhanced perception and a greater sensitivity to physical symptoms [ 33 ]. Furthermore, the presence of a chronic condition may reduce the probability of health care providers to recognize or treat depression as they may overlook non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, poor concentration and a general lack of interest. Depression can hinder the patient’s involvement in the treatment plan; therefore, it becomes clinically significant to anticipate when a patient with a chronic condition may develop comorbid depression. General physicians are the backbone of health care system in Pakistan with majority of the population first visiting a general physician. These doctors mostly practice solo and do not have the medical expertise for identifying a mental health crisis. Therefore, they must be trained to identify the presence of depression when patients present with a chronic physical condition. In addition, promoting public awareness can help in countering the stigma surrounding mental illness and can alert health personnel as well as the general public that depression is as damaging to health as a physical condition.

There are several limitations in our study which need to be considered. Firstly, we considered patients only from a single tertiary hospital. Although Civil Hospital, one of the largest hospitals in Pakistan, is a medical centre where people come from all parts of the city, we believe that including other hospitals would have increased the strength of our results and helped us to generalize the findings. Secondly, there is a possibility of getting amplified scores on depression scales due to the somatic symptoms of the disease. For instance, asthma can cause insomnia and asthma medications such as β-agonists can cause anxiety; both of these symptoms are part of the depression scale we used and can alter the final tabulated score. The low rate of diabetes in our study is understated, since it is uncommon for people in our setup to undergo routine exams and laboratory tests for detection. Finally, findings from this study may not be applicable to other countries in the region, or even to different regions of Pakistan.

In future, larger studies with multiple hospitals nationwide should be conducted regarding depression and chronic medical illnesses.

A worthwhile field for research includes investigating the effect of psychological and behavioural interventions in the physically ill. We also suggest that epidemiologic studies should control for other comorbid chronic conditions in their analysis of such an association.

Financial or Other Competing Interests

• SKIP NAVIGATION
• About the College
• News and features
• International
• Mental health
• Translations of our mental health information

Mental health information in Urdu

اردو میں دماغی صحت کی معلومات.

On this page you will find translations of our mental health information resources in Urdu. Please carefully read the  disclaimer  that accompanies each translation. It explains that the College cannot guarantee the quality of the translations, nor that the information is necessarily the most up to date.

اس صفحے پر آپ کو ہمارے دماغی صحت سے متعلق معلومات کے وسائل کا اردو میں ترجمہ ملے گا۔  براہ کرم ہر ترجمے کے ساتھ موجود دستبرداری کو غور سے پڑھیں. یہ وضاحت کرتا ہے کہ کالج ترجمے کے معیار کی ضمانت نہیں دے سکتا، اور نہ ہی یہ کہ معلومات ضروری طور پر تازہ ترین ہوں.

Urdu translations

• الکحل اور ڈپریشن Alcohol and depression
• اینوریکسیا اور بلیمیا Anorexia and bulimia
• ڈپریشن کی ادویات Antidepressants
• اضطراب اور عمومی اضطراب کی بیماری Anxiety and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
• بالغوں میں اے ڈی ایچ ڈی Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• سوگ  Bereavement
• بائی پولر ڈس آرڈر  Bipolar disorder
• ادراکی رویہ جاتی علاج (سی بی ٹی) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
• ایک تکلیف دہ واقعے کے بعد مقابلہ کرنا Coping after a traumatic event
• بالغوں میں ڈپریشن Depression in adults
• الیکٹروکنولسیو تھراپی (ای سی ٹی) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• یادداشت کے مسائل اور ڈیمنشیا Memory problems and dementia
• وسوسے اور تکرار کا عارضہ Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• پوسٹ ٹرامیٹک اسٹریس ڈس آرڈر - Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• شیزوفرینیا  Schizophrenia
• اچھی نیند  Sleeping well

Who are we?

The Royal College of Psychiatrists is the main professional body for psychiatrists in the UK. We have a world-wide membership.

We work to secure the best outcomes for people with mental illness, learning disabilities and developmental disorders by:

• promoting excellent mental health services
• training outstanding psychiatrists
• promoting quality and research
• setting standards
• being the voice of psychiatry.

ہم کون ہیں؟

رائل کالج آف سائیکیٹرسٹ برطانیہ میں نفسیاتی ماہرین کے لیے بنیادی پیشہ ورانہ ادارہ ہے. دنیا بھر سے لوگ ہمارے ساتھ رکنیت رکھتے ہیں.

ہم دماغی بیماری، سیکھنے میں معذوری اور نشوونما میں خرابی کے شکار لوگوں کے لیے بہترین نتائج حاصل کرنے کے لیے کام کرتے ہیں:

بہترین دماغی صحت کی خدمات کو فروغ دینا

بہترین ماہرین نفسیات کی تربیت کرنا

معیار اور تحقیق کو فروغ دینا

معیارات طے کرنا

نفسیات کی آواز بننا۔

Why do we produce mental health information?

We believe that high-quality information can help people to make informed decisions about their health and care. We aim to produce information which is:

• evidence-based
• up to date.

ہم دماغی صحت کی معلومات کیوں تیار کرتے ہیں؟

ہمیں یقین ہے کہ اعلیٰ معیار کی معلومات لوگوں کو اپنی صحت اور دیکھ بھال کے بارے میں باخبر فیصلے کرنے میں مدد دے سکتی ہے۔ ہمارا مقصد ایسی معلومات پیدا کرنا ہے جو کہ:

ثبوت کی بنیاد پر ہو

قابل رسائی ہو

تازہ ترین ہو۔

How is our information written?

Our information is written by psychiatrists and other healthcare professionals. Our information is also developed with the support of patients and carers. This helps to ensure our information is representative of the lived experiences of people with mental illness.

We are grateful to the psychiatrists, healthcare professionals, College members, staff and experts who have helped to produce and review our information.

ہماری معلومات کیسے لکھی جاتی ہیں؟

ہماری معلومات ماہرین نفسیات اور دیگر صحت کی دیکھ بھال کرنے والے پیشہ ور افراد نے لکھی ہیں۔ ہماری معلومات مریضوں اور دیکھ بھال کرنے والوں کے تعاون سے بھی تیار کی جاتی ہے۔ اس سے یہ یقینی بنانے میں مدد ملتی ہے کہ ہماری معلومات ذہنی بیماری میں مبتلا لوگوں کے ذاتی تجربات کی نمائندہ ہے۔

ہم ماہرین نفسیات، صحت کی دیکھ بھال کے پیشہ ور افراد، کالج کے اراکین، عملے اور ماہرین کے مشکور ہیں جنہوں نے ہماری معلومات کو تیار کرنے اور اس کا جائزہ لینے میں مدد کی۔

About our translations

In 2022, we began collaborating with a non-profit, CLEAR Global, and their community of more than 100,000 language volunteers, Translators without Borders. We are working with them to update the translations of our latest information resources in the most in-demand languages. You can see who delivered our translations at the bottom of each translated page.

Our translations are based on  our mental health information resources in English . These resources reflect the best evidence available at the time of writing, and we aim to review our resources every three years. However, this is not always possible, and we have dated our resources to show when they were last reviewed.

Whenever we update our English resources, we will aim to update our translations. However, this will not always be possible.

If you have feedback on our translations you would like to share with us, you can contact  [email protected]  

ہمارے ترجموں کے بارے میں

ہم نے 2022 میں ایک غیر منافع بخش CLEAR Global اور ان کے 100,000 سے زائد زبان کے رضاکاروں کی کمیونٹی Translators without Borders کے ساتھ تعاون شروع کیا۔ ہم ان کے ساتھ مل کر بہت زیادہ مطلوب زبانوں میں اپنی معلوماتی وسائل کے ترجموں کو تازہ کر رہے ہیں۔ آپ ہر ترجمہ شدہ صفحے کے نیچے دیکھ سکتے ہیں کہ ہمارے ترجمے کس نے فراہم کیے ہیں۔

ہمارے ترجمے انگریزی میں ہمارے ذہنی صحت سے متعلق معلوماتی وسائل پر مبنی ہیں۔ یہ وسائل تحریر کے وقت دستیاب بہترین ثبوت کی پیش کرتے ہیں اور ہمارا مقصد ہر تین سال بعد اپنے وسائل کا جائزہ لینا ہے۔ تاہم یہ ہمیشہ ممکن نہیں ہوتا اور ہم نے اپنے وسائل کے آخری جائزے کی تاریخ دی ہے۔

جب بھی ہم اپنے انگریزی وسائل کو تازہ کرتے ہیں تو ہمارا مقصد اپنے ترجمے کو تازہ کرنا ہوتا ہے۔ تاہم، یہ ہمیشہ ممکن نہیں ہو گا۔

اگر آپ ہمارے ترجموں کے بارے میں ہم سے اپنی رائے کا اشتراک کرنا چاہیں تو، آپ [email protected] سے رابطہ کر سکتے ہیں۔ 

• Entertainment
• Life & Style

To enjoy additional benefits

CONNECT WITH US

The contrarian Urdu poet | Literary historian Rakhshanda Jalil on her new book, ‘Love in the Time of Hate’ Premium

With their works that both reflect and oppose, admire and critique the world around us, urdu poets offer us more than one way of seeing the same thing, says the author.

Updated - August 31, 2024 01:00 pm IST

Published - August 30, 2024 09:45 am IST

Writer, translator and literary historian Rakhshanda Jalil

Writer, translator and literary historian Rakhshanda Jalil’s critical work on Urdu progressives and other writers is well-recognised as are her translations from Urdu. In her latest book,  Love in the Time of Hate: In the Mirror of Urdu  (Simon & Schuster), a collection of essays on Urdu poetry and the Indian polity, she expounds the role and significance of the Urdu poet in a fast-changing world. Edited excerpts:

At a time when Congress leader Rahul Gandhi has claimed to set up a ‘shop of love in a bazaar of hate’, what can Urdu writing from different ages tell us that’s new? Why do we need the mirror of Urdu? Can Urdu be a lamp?

This book is not about ‘party politics’. But, yes, it is a search for voices that speak of love rather than hate, inclusion rather than exclusion, commonalities rather than differences. I am not claiming that any of this is new. I am calling attention to a wealth that has been hiding in plain sight for Urdu readers for centuries; through translations and a narrative that strings together these diverse ‘pearls’ on a common thread, I am simply making them accessible to English readers.

Also, poets seldom, if ever, fall victim to bigotry, prejudice and narrow mindedness; a propagandist or publicist might but not a poet. And the Urdu poet, in particular, has always been known for his/ her liberalism and eclecticism. Even in matters of religion, he/ she has always spoken for  qaumi yakjahati  and  muttahida tehzeeb  — communal harmony and the co-mingling of cultures.

Does the mirror reflect, speak, aestheticise, or critique?

Yes, it does all this and more; ever the contrarian, the Urdu poet provides more than one way of seeing the same thing — be it the Taj Mahal or the monsoon. For instance, the Taj is both an enduring symbol of love and a showy exhibitionist declaration of love, an insult to the love of ordinary mortals who cannot afford an emperor’s self-indulgence.

You have quoted Ursula K. Le Guin to call poets ‘the realists of a larger reality’. Can you expand on this? Why is it important to listen to the poets to understand our existence as humans and Indians?

Poets are not prophets. They see, feel, experience what you and I do but they have a special ability to express those feelings. As Ghalib pithily said, “... goya yeh bhi mere dil mein hai ” (...this too is in my heart). The Urdu poet has written something for every occasion, every sentiment, every impulse that flickers through the human heart. There may be plenty one disagrees with, but there is always something on nearly every subject. Nothing is beyond the pale, nothing is sacrosanct or unquestionable.

I think there comes a time in the history of nations when they need their poets most; not the politicians, nor policy-makers and publicists but the poets who are true visionaries. For, it is the poets who can remind people of the essential values that hold them together. For us in India, that time is now, lest the clamour of the strident illiberals drowns out the voices that have always pointed towards the larger reality and the greater good, and the bloody tide of unreason sweeps away the India we have known and cherished.

Artists performing the ‘Ramlila’ in Urdu at the Urdu Heritage Festival in New Delhi, February 2024. | Photo Credit: Sushil Kumar Verma

Urdu is often seen as the language of Muslims, but you call it a pan-Indian Indian language being claimed by different people.

Urdu is not the language of any one state or region, unlike, say, Marathi for Maharashtra or Tamil for Tamil Nadu; it is willing to be embraced and owned by anyone who wishes to do so, both north and south of the Vindhyas and across the breadth of India. Over the centuries, it has displayed a dogged refusal to be tied down to a caste or community or region. The problem, however, is that the blind refuse to see and the deaf can’t hear, hence the stereotypes.

Your book is divided into four alliterative sections: politics, people, passions, places. What was the logic behind this structure, why are they important as matters of love and hate?

I didn’t set out to write 80 essays divided into four sections. The topics ‘revealed’ themselves to me, often prompted by real-life events, tremors in the seismograph that is the present-day Indian political and social milieu, sometimes jogged by the passing of a much loved pan-Indian figure such as Dilip Kumar or Lata Mangeshkar. Some were triggered by my travels, some by newspaper headlines and quite a few were written in response to small, everyday increments of change. Running through them is a common current: of love for this, my land, my India. The alliterative section heads are a happy serendipity.

You have a long career now behind you as a literary historian, critic, translator, columnist and more. How do you place this volume within your trajectory?

I see it as a natural, organic coming together of all of the above and, yes, my anguish as an Indian. As I say in the introduction, I am scared, fearful, often depressed, and I find release through writing.

What’s next from Rakhshanda Jalil?

A biography of the poet-politician Maulana Hasrat Mohani.

What are your hopes for India and its world of letters in Urdu and English?

Writing this book is an attempt to staunch the fear and depression I alluded to earlier. For, in looking back, and in looking into the mirror of Urdu, these essays also show the way forward. I hope we as a nation will be able to counter fear with inclusion, and hate with love.

The interviewer is a poet, translator, and professor at O.P. Jindal Global University.

Related Topics

The Hindu Sunday Magazine / Literary Review / Urdu / authors and poets / books and literature / history / history and culture / arts, culture and entertainment / arts (general)

Top News Today

• Access 10 free stories every month
• Save stories to read later
• Access to comment on every story
• Sign-up/manage your newsletter subscriptions with a single click
• Get notified by email for early access to discounts & offers on our products

Terms & conditions   |   Institutional Subscriber

Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. They cannot be abusive or personal. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments.

We have migrated to a new commenting platform. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle.

• Blood Pressure
• Weight Loss

Depression - Article No. 2790

ڈپریشن - تحریر نمبر 2790

ایک اذیت ناک مرض

پیر 4 دسمبر 2023

Browse More Depression

سبزے کے قریب، دماغی امراض سے دور

Sabze Ke Qareeb, Dimaghi Amraz Se Door

ڈپریشن سے نکلیں

Depression Se Niklain

ڈپریشن صحت کے کئی مسائل میں مبتلا کر سکتا ہے

Depression Sehat Ke Kayi Masail Mein Mubtala Kar Sakta Hai

ڈپریشن ۔ دورِ جدید کا اہم مسئلہ

Depression - Daur E Jadeed Ka Aham Masla

بڑھتے ہوئے ذہنی امراض

Barhte Hue Zehni Amraz

اینگزائٹی۔۔۔زندگی کی دشمن

Anxiety Zindagi Ki Dushman

کاجو کھائیے ، ڈپریشن سے محفوظ رہیے

Kaju Khaiye - Depression Se Mehfooz Rahiye

• Patient Care & Health Information
• Diseases & Conditions
• Depression (major depressive disorder)
• What is depression? A Mayo Clinic expert explains.

Learn more about depression from Craig Sawchuk, Ph.D., L.P., clinical psychologist at Mayo Clinic.

Hi, I'm Dr. Craig Sawchuk, a clinical psychologist at Mayo Clinic. And I'm here to talk with you about depression. Whether you're looking for answers for yourself, a friend, or loved one, understanding the basics of depression can help you take the next step.

Depression is a mood disorder that causes feelings of sadness that won't go away. Unfortunately, there's a lot of stigma around depression. Depression isn't a weakness or a character flaw. It's not about being in a bad mood, and people who experience depression can't just snap out of it. Depression is a common, serious, and treatable condition. If you're experiencing depression, you're not alone. It honestly affects people of all ages and races and biological sexes, income levels and educational backgrounds. Approximately one in six people will experience a major depressive episode at some point in their lifetime, while up to 16 million adults each year suffer from clinical depression. There are many types of symptoms that make up depression. Emotionally, you may feel sad or down or irritable or even apathetic. Physically, the body really slows down. You feel tired. Your sleep is often disrupted. It's really hard to get yourself motivated. Your thinking also changes. It can just be hard to concentrate. Your thoughts tend to be much more negative. You can be really hard on yourself, feel hopeless and helpless about things. And even in some cases, have thoughts of not wanting to live. Behaviorally, you just want to pull back and withdraw from others, activities, and day-to-day responsibilities. These symptoms all work together to keep you trapped in a cycle of depression. Symptoms of depression are different for everyone. Some symptoms may be a sign of another disorder or medical condition. That's why it's important to get an accurate diagnosis.

While there's no single cause of depression, most experts believe there's a combination of biological, social, and psychological factors that contribute to depression risk. Biologically, we think about genetics or a family history of depression, health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease or thyroid disorders, and even hormonal changes that happen over the lifespan, such as pregnancy and menopause. Changes in brain chemistry, especially disruptions in neurotransmitters like serotonin, that play an important role in regulating many bodily functions, including mood, sleep, and appetite, are thought to play a particularly important role in depression. Socially stressful and traumatic life events, limited access to resources such as food, housing, and health care, and a lack of social support all contribute to depression risk. Psychologically, we think of how negative thoughts and problematic coping behaviors, such as avoidance and substance use, increase our vulnerability to depression.

The good news is that treatment helps. Effective treatments for depression exist and you do have options to see what works best for you. Lifestyle changes that improve sleep habits, exercise, and address underlying health conditions can be an important first step. Medications such as antidepressants can be helpful in alleviating depressive symptoms. Therapy, especially cognitive behavioral therapy, teaches skills to better manage negative thoughts and improve coping behaviors to help break you out of cycles of depression. Whatever the cause, remember that depression is not your fault and it can be treated.

To help diagnose depression, your health care provider may use a physical exam, lab tests, or a mental health evaluation. These results will help identify various treatment options that best fit your situation.

Help is available. You don't have to deal with depression by yourself. Take the next step and reach out. If you're hesitant to talk to a health care provider, talk to a friend or loved one about how to get help. Living with depression isn't easy and you're not alone in your struggles. Always remember that effective treatments and supports are available to help you start feeling better. Want to learn more about depression? Visit mayoclinic.org. Do take care.

Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. You may have trouble doing normal day-to-day activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn't worth living.

More than just a bout of the blues, depression isn't a weakness and you can't simply "snap out" of it. Depression may require long-term treatment. But don't get discouraged. Most people with depression feel better with medication, psychotherapy or both.

Depression care at Mayo Clinic

Products & Services

• A Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book
• Begin Exploring Women's Health Solutions at Mayo Clinic Store
• Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter — Digital Edition

Although depression may occur only once during your life, people typically have multiple episodes. During these episodes, symptoms occur most of the day, nearly every day and may include:

• Feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness or hopelessness
• Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small matters
• Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, such as sex, hobbies or sports
• Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much
• Tiredness and lack of energy, so even small tasks take extra effort
• Reduced appetite and weight loss or increased cravings for food and weight gain
• Anxiety, agitation or restlessness
• Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or self-blame
• Trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions and remembering things
• Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts or suicide
• Unexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches

For many people with depression, symptoms usually are severe enough to cause noticeable problems in day-to-day activities, such as work, school, social activities or relationships with others. Some people may feel generally miserable or unhappy without really knowing why.

Depression symptoms in children and teens

Common signs and symptoms of depression in children and teenagers are similar to those of adults, but there can be some differences.

• In younger children, symptoms of depression may include sadness, irritability, clinginess, worry, aches and pains, refusing to go to school, or being underweight.
• In teens, symptoms may include sadness, irritability, feeling negative and worthless, anger, poor performance or poor attendance at school, feeling misunderstood and extremely sensitive, using recreational drugs or alcohol, eating or sleeping too much, self-harm, loss of interest in normal activities, and avoidance of social interaction.

Depression symptoms in older adults

Depression is not a normal part of growing older, and it should never be taken lightly. Unfortunately, depression often goes undiagnosed and untreated in older adults, and they may feel reluctant to seek help. Symptoms of depression may be different or less obvious in older adults, such as:

• Memory difficulties or personality changes
• Physical aches or pain
• Fatigue, loss of appetite, sleep problems or loss of interest in sex — not caused by a medical condition or medication
• Often wanting to stay at home, rather than going out to socialize or doing new things
• Suicidal thinking or feelings, especially in older men

When to see a doctor

If you feel depressed, make an appointment to see your doctor or mental health professional as soon as you can. If you're reluctant to seek treatment, talk to a friend or loved one, any health care professional, a faith leader, or someone else you trust.

When to get emergency help

If you think you may hurt yourself or attempt suicide, call 911 in the U.S. or your local emergency number immediately.

Also consider these options if you're having suicidal thoughts:

• Call your doctor or mental health professional.
• Contact a suicide hotline.
• In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use the Lifeline Chat . Services are free and confidential.
• U.S. veterans or service members who are in crisis can call 988 and then press “1” for the Veterans Crisis Line . Or text 838255. Or chat online .
• The Suicide & Crisis Lifeline in the U.S. has a Spanish language phone line at 1-888-628-9454 (toll-free).
• Reach out to a close friend or loved one.
• Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community.

If you have a loved one who is in danger of suicide or has made a suicide attempt, make sure someone stays with that person. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. Or, if you think you can do so safely, take the person to the nearest hospital emergency room.

More Information

Depression (major depressive disorder) care at Mayo Clinic

• Male depression: Understanding the issues
• Nervous breakdown: What does it mean?
• Pain and depression: Is there a link?

There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Review/update the information highlighted below and resubmit the form.

From Mayo Clinic to your inbox

Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Click here for an email preview.

Error Email field is required

Error Include a valid email address

To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. If we combine this information with your protected health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of privacy practices. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail.

Thank you for subscribing!

You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox.

Sorry something went wrong with your subscription

Please, try again in a couple of minutes

It's not known exactly what causes depression. As with many mental disorders, a variety of factors may be involved, such as:

• Biological differences. People with depression appear to have physical changes in their brains. The significance of these changes is still uncertain, but may eventually help pinpoint causes.
• Brain chemistry. Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that likely play a role in depression. Recent research indicates that changes in the function and effect of these neurotransmitters and how they interact with neurocircuits involved in maintaining mood stability may play a significant role in depression and its treatment.
• Hormones. Changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. Hormone changes can result with pregnancy and during the weeks or months after delivery (postpartum) and from thyroid problems, menopause or a number of other conditions.
• Inherited traits. Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives also have this condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression.
• Marijuana and depression
• Vitamin B-12 and depression

Risk factors

Depression often begins in the teens, 20s or 30s, but it can happen at any age. More women than men are diagnosed with depression, but this may be due in part because women are more likely to seek treatment.

Factors that seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering depression include:

• Certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem and being too dependent, self-critical or pessimistic
• Traumatic or stressful events, such as physical or sexual abuse, the death or loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or financial problems
• Blood relatives with a history of depression, bipolar disorder, alcoholism or suicide
• Being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, or having variations in the development of genital organs that aren't clearly male or female (intersex) in an unsupportive situation
• History of other mental health disorders, such as anxiety disorder, eating disorders or post-traumatic stress disorder
• Abuse of alcohol or recreational drugs
• Serious or chronic illness, including cancer, stroke, chronic pain or heart disease
• Certain medications, such as some high blood pressure medications or sleeping pills (talk to your doctor before stopping any medication)

Complications

Depression is a serious disorder that can take a terrible toll on you and your family. Depression often gets worse if it isn't treated, resulting in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your life.

Examples of complications associated with depression include:

• Excess weight or obesity, which can lead to heart disease and diabetes
• Pain or physical illness
• Alcohol or drug misuse
• Anxiety, panic disorder or social phobia
• Family conflicts, relationship difficulties, and work or school problems
• Social isolation
• Suicidal feelings, suicide attempts or suicide
• Self-mutilation, such as cutting
• Premature death from medical conditions
• Depression and anxiety: Can I have both?

There's no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help.

• Take steps to control stress, to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem.
• Reach out to family and friends, especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells.
• Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening.
• Consider getting long-term maintenance treatment to help prevent a relapse of symptoms.
• Brown AY. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Nov. 17, 2016.
• Research report: Psychiatry and psychology, 2016-2017. Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayo.edu/research/departments-divisions/department-psychiatry-psychology/overview?_ga=1.199925222.939187614.1464371889. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depressive disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. http://www.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depression. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depression. National Alliance on Mental Illness. http://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Depression/Overview. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depression: What you need to know. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression-what-you-need-to-know/index.shtml. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• What is depression? American Psychiatric Association. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depression. NIH Senior Health. https://nihseniorhealth.gov/depression/aboutdepression/01.html. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Children’s mental health: Anxiety and depression. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/childrensmentalhealth/depression.html#depression. Accessed. Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depression and complementary health approaches: What the science says. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. https://nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/depression-science. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depression. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/databases/medical-conditions/d/depression.aspx. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Natural medicines in the clinical management of depression. Natural Medicines. http://naturaldatabase.therapeuticresearch.com/ce/CECourse.aspx?cs=naturalstandard&s=ND&pm=5&pc=15-111. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• The road to resilience. American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Simon G, et al. Unipolar depression in adults: Choosing initial treatment. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Stewart D, et al. Risks of antidepressants during pregnancy: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Kimmel MC, et al. Safety of infant exposure to antidepressants and benzodiazepines through breastfeeding. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Bipolar and related disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. http://www.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Hirsch M, et al. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) for treating depressed adults. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Jan. 24, 2017.
• Hall-Flavin DK (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Jan. 31, 2017.
• Krieger CA (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Feb. 2, 2017.
• Antidepressant withdrawal: Is there such a thing?
• Antidepressants and alcohol: What's the concern?
• Antidepressants and weight gain: What causes it?
• Antidepressants: Can they stop working?
• Antidepressants: Selecting one that's right for you
• Antidepressants: Side effects
• Antidepressants: Which cause the fewest sexual side effects?
• Atypical antidepressants
• Clinical depression: What does that mean?
• Depression in women: Understanding the gender gap
• Depression, anxiety and exercise
• Depression: Supporting a family member or friend
• MAOIs and diet: Is it necessary to restrict tyramine?
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
• Natural remedies for depression: Are they effective?
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
• Treatment-resistant depression
• Tricyclic antidepressants and tetracyclic antidepressants

Associated Procedures

• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• Psychotherapy
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation
• Vagus nerve stimulation

News from Mayo Clinic

• Mayo Clinic Q and A: How to support a loved one with depression Oct. 23, 2022, 11:00 a.m. CDT
• Mayo study lays foundation to predict antidepressant response in people with suicide attempts Oct. 03, 2022, 03:30 p.m. CDT

Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, has been recognized as a highly performing Psychiatry hospital for 2024-2025 by U.S. News & World Report.

• Symptoms & causes
• Diagnosis & treatment
• Doctors & departments
• Care at Mayo Clinic

Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.

• Opportunities

Mayo Clinic Press

Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press .

• Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press Mayo Clinic on Incontinence
• The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press The Essential Diabetes Book
• Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance
• FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment
• Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book

5X Challenge

Thanks to generous benefactors, your gift today can have 5X the impact to advance AI innovation at Mayo Clinic.

Search results

Saved words

Showing results for "depression"

Post-natal depression.

زچگی کے بعد ماں کی طبیعت میں پستی، پس ولادتی انقباض۔.

جو افسردہ، بے کیف کرے ۔.

Urdu words for depression

Depression के उर्दू अर्थ, depression کے اردو معانی, related searched words, tags for depression.

English meaning of depression , depression meaning in english, depression translation and definition in English. depression का मतलब (मीनिंग) अंग्रेजी (इंग्लिश) में जाने | Khair meaning in hindi

Top Searched Words

today, present moment

Citation Index : See the sources referred to in building Rekhta Dictionary

Critique us ( depression )

Upload image let’s build the first online dictionary of urdu words where readers literally ‘see’ meanings along with reading them. if you have pictures that make meanings crystal clear, feel free to upload them here. our team will assess and assign due credit for your caring contributions.">learn more.

Display Name

Attach Image

Subscribe to receive news & updates

Delete 44 saved words.

Do you really want to delete these records? This process cannot be undone

Want to show word meaning

Do you really want to Show these meaning? This process cannot be undone

Download Mobile app

Urdu poetry, urdu shayari, shayari in urdu, poetry in urdu

The best way to learn Urdu online

World of Hindi language and literature

Online Treasure of Sufi and Sant Poetry

Saved Words No saved words yet

Support rekhta dictionary. donate to promote urdu.

The Rekhta Dictionary is a significant initiative of Rekhta Foundation towards preservation and promotion of Urdu language. A dedicated team is continuously working to make you get authentic meanings of Urdu words with ease and speed. Kindly donate to help us sustain our efforts towards building the best trilingual Urdu dictionary for all. Your contributions are eligible for Tax benefit under section 80G.

• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Translation of depression – English–Urdu dictionary

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

depression noun ( UNHAPPINESS )

• His wife's been hospitalized for depression.
• Every day she sinks further and further into depression.
• The drugs , the divorce and the depression - it's an episode in his life that he wants to forget .
• Don't let feelings of depression swamp you.
• Withdrawal is a classic symptom of depression.

depression noun ( NO ACTIVITY )

(Translation of depression from the Cambridge English–Urdu Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

Translations of depression

Get a quick, free translation!

Word of the Day

skip out on something

to avoid doing something that you should do; to leave someone when they need your help

It’s not really my thing (How to say you don’t like something)

Learn more with +Plus

• Recent and Recommended {{#preferredDictionaries}} {{name}} {{/preferredDictionaries}}
• Definitions Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English English Learner’s Dictionary Essential British English Essential American English
• Grammar and thesaurus Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English Grammar Thesaurus
• Pronunciation British and American pronunciations with audio English Pronunciation
• English–Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Simplified)–English
• English–Chinese (Traditional) Chinese (Traditional)–English
• English–Dutch Dutch–English
• English–French French–English
• English–German German–English
• English–Indonesian Indonesian–English
• English–Italian Italian–English
• English–Japanese Japanese–English
• English–Norwegian Norwegian–English
• English–Polish Polish–English
• English–Portuguese Portuguese–English
• English–Spanish Spanish–English
• English–Swedish Swedish–English
• Dictionary +Plus Word Lists
• depression (UNHAPPINESS)
• depression (NO ACTIVITY)
• Translations
• All translations

To add depression to a word list please sign up or log in.

Add depression to one of your lists below, or create a new one.

{{message}}

Something went wrong.

There was a problem sending your report.

Essay on Discipline In Urdu

Back to: Urdu Essays List 3

نظم و ضبط مضمون

نظم و ضبط ایک ایسی چیز ہے جو ہر شخص کو اپنے کنٹرول میں رکھتی ہے۔ یہ انسان کو زندگی میں ترقی اور کامیابی کے حصول کی ترغیب دیتی ہے۔ ہر ایک کو اپنی زندگی میں نظم و ضبط کو مختلف شکل میں اپنانا چاہیے۔ کچھ لوگ اسے اپنی زندگی کا حصہ سمجھتے ہیں اور کچھ نہیں۔یہ ایک ہدایت نامہ ہے کہ انسان کو سیدھے راستے پر گامزن کرتی ہے۔

نظم و ضبط کی اہمیت اور اقسام

نظم و ضبط کے بغیر کسی بھی شخص کی زندگی مدھم اور غیر فعال ہوجائے گی۔ نیز نظم و ضبط والا شخص دوسرے لوگوں کے مقابلے میں نفیس انداز میں زندگی گزار سکتا ہے۔

مزید یہ کہ اگر آپ کا کوئی منصوبہ ہے اور آپ اسے اپنی زندگی میں نافذ کرنا چاہتے ہیں تو آپ کو نظم و ضبط کی ضرورت ہے۔ نظم و ضبط چیزوں کو سنبھالنا آسان بناتا ہے اور بالآخر آپ کی زندگی میں کامیابی لاتا ہے۔

اگر نظم و ضبط کی اقسام کے بارے میں بات کی جائے تو وہ عام طور پر دو قسم کے ہوتے ہیں۔ پہلی ایک نظم و ضبط کی حوصلہ افزائی ہے اور دوسرا خود نظم و ضبط ہے۔

حوصلہ افزائی کی نظم و ضبط وہ چیز ہے جسے دوسروں نے ہمیں سکھایا یا ہم دوسروں کو دیکھ کر سیکھتے ہیں۔ جب کہ خود نظم و ضبط اندر سے آتا ہے اور ہم اسے خود ہی سیکھتے ہیں۔ خود نظم و ضبط کے لیے دوسروں کی طرف سے بہت حوصلہ افزائی اور تعاون کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ سب سے بڑھ کر بغیر کسی غلطی کے اپنے روزمرہ کے شیڈول پر عمل کرنا بھی نظم و ضبط کا حصہ ہے۔

نظم و ضبط کی ضرورت

ہمیں زندگی میں تقریباً ہر جگہ نظم و ضبط کی ضرورت ہے۔ لہذا بہتر یہی ہے کہ ہماری زندگی کے ابتدائی مرحلے سے ہی نظم و ضبط کو بروئے کار لایا جائے۔ خود نظم و ضبط کا مطلب مختلف لوگوں کے لئے مختلف چیزیں ہیں۔ طلباء کے لئے اس کے معنی الگ ، ملازم کے لئے مختلف ہیں اور بچوں کے لئے اس کے معنی مختلف ہیں۔

مزید یہ کہ زندگی اور ترجیح کے مراحل کے ساتھ نظم و ضبط کے معنی بدل جاتے ہیں کیونکہ اس کے لئے بہت محنت اور لگن کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ نیز اس کو مثبت دماغ اور صحت مند جسم کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ کسی کو نظم و ضبط کے لیے سختی اختیار کرنی ہوگی تاکہ وہ کامیابی کی راہ کو کامیابی کے ساتھ مکمل کر سکے۔

نظم و ضبط کے فوائد

شاگرد ایک سیڑھی ہے جس کے ذریعے انسان کامیابی حاصل کرتا ہے۔ نظم و ضبط سے شاگرد کو زندگی میں اپنے مقاصد پر توجہ دینے میں مدد ملتی ہے۔ نیز اسے وہ مقصد سے الگ نہیں ہونے دیتا۔

اس کے علاوہ اس فرد کے ذہن اور جسم کو قواعد و ضوابط کا جواب دینے کے لئے تربیت دے کر انسان کی زندگی میں کمال لاتا ہے جو معاشرے کا ایک مثالی شہری بننے میں اس کی مدد کرتا ہے۔

اگر ہم پیشہ ورانہ زندگی کے بارے میں بات کرتے ہیں تو نظم و ضبط والے شخص کو اس شخص سے زیادہ مواقع ملتے ہیں جو غیر نظم و ضبط ہے۔ نیز یہ فرد کی شخصیت میں ایک غیر معمولی جہت کا اضافہ ہو جاتا ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ وہ شخص جہاں بھی جاتا ہے لوگوں کے ذہنوں پر مثبت اثر ڈالتا ہے۔

آخر میں ہم یہ کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ نظم و ضبط کسی کی بھی زندگی کا ایک کلیدی عنصر ہے۔ ایک شخص صرف تب ہی کامیاب ہوسکتا ہے جب وہ سختی سے صحت مند اور تادیبی زندگی گزارے۔ اس کے علاوہ نظم و ضبط بھی بہت ساری طریقوں سے ہماری مدد کرتا ہے اور ہمارے آس پاس کے فرد کو نظم و ضبط کی طرف راغب کرنے کے لئے تحریک دیتا ہے۔ سب سے بڑھ کر نظم و ضبط انسان کو کامیابی حاصل کرنے میں مدد دیتا ہے جو وہ زندگی میں چاہتا ہے۔

• Past papers

Past papers and marking instructions

Find past papers and marking instructions for your revision. You can search by topic and or refine by subject and level. To add the matching marking instructions simply tick the box.

We provide up to five years of past papers.

34 Past Papers found

20 marking instructions found, modified past papers.

Some of the 2022 and 2023 past papers are labelled 'modified'. This means SQA made changes to the question paper in response to the disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, as part of our modifications to assessment in National Courses. For example, a modified past paper may be shorter, have fewer marks or contain fewer topics than past papers from previous years.

Some of the 2022 past papers are labelled 'modified'. This means SQA made changes to the question paper in response to the disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, as part of our modifications to assessment in National Courses. For example, a modified past paper may be shorter, have fewer marks or contain fewer topics than past papers from previous years.

These modifications will stay in place for the 2023 exams.

Specimen question papers

Specimen question papers are available for National 5, Higher and Advanced Higher qualifications. These show what a question paper looks like - how it is structured and the types of questions it contains. They also include marking instructions. Find them under 'Past Papers and Marking Instructions' on our NQ subject pages .

Digital question papers

Question Papers in Digital Format for candidates with disabilities and/or additional support needs.

• Digital Question Papers
• Braille question papers

Creating your own assessment materials from SQA question papers

Our National Qualifications 2020-21 section has advice on creating your own bespoke assessments from SQA question papers.

Conditions of use

The information in a past paper may be reproduced in support of SQA qualifications only on a non-commercial basis. If it is reproduced, SQA must be clearly acknowledged as the source. If it is to be reproduced for any other purpose, written permission must be obtained from [email protected]

Where a past paper includes material for which SQA does not own the copyright, this material can only be reproduced on a non-commercial basis for the purposes of instruction in an educational establishment. If it is to be reproduced for any other purpose, it is the user's responsibility to obtain the necessary copyright clearance from the copyright owner. The acknowledgements page in a past paper lists the owners of copyright items that are not owned by SQA.

helper-buttons