 Introduction, Classification and Definitions of Dosage FormsIntroduction to pharmaceutical dosage form, definition of dosage form, need of dosage forms, definition of drug (active pharmaceutical ingredients), definition of excipients.
Definitions of Different Dose Forms
3. Semisolid
 Frequently Asked Questions on Pharmaceutical Dosage FormsQ: what are pharmaceutical dosage forms, q: why are different dosage forms used in pharmaceuticals, q: what factors are considered when selecting a suitable dosage form, q: what are the advantages of solid dosage forms (tablets and capsules), q: what are the advantages of liquid dosage forms (syrups, solutions, suspensions), q: what are the advantages of topical dosage forms (creams, ointments, gels), q: what are the advantages of parenteral dosage forms (injections), q: what are the considerations for developing novel dosage forms, q: how are pharmaceutical dosage forms evaluated for quality and performance, q: are there any limitations or challenges associated with pharmaceutical dosage forms. today = new Date() if ((today.getHours() >=9) && (today.getHours() today = new Date() if ((today.getHours() >=18) && (today.getHours() =0) && (today.getHours() .reverse { unicode-bidi: bidi-override; direction: rtl; display:none;} Ankur Choudhary is India's first professional pharmaceutical blogger, author and founder of pharmaguideline.com, a widely-read pharmaceutical blog since 2008. Sign-up for the free email updates for your daily dose of pharmaceutical tips. .moc.enilediugamrahp@ofni :liamE Need Help: Ask Question 4 comments: Post Yours! Read Comment Policy ▼ PLEASE NOTE: Comments shall be published after review. Spams/ Promotional links are not allowed and shall be deleted upon review. You can ask questions related to this post here. Easy understanding Need to add Oral thin strips in solid sublungual and transdermal patches in transdermal dosage forms Nice performance Please don't spam. Comments having links would not be published. Popular Categories
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 Chapter 2: Dosage Forms and Routes of Drug Administration
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Jump to a SectionIntroduction, need for dosage forms.
Introduction Need for dosage forms Separate incompatible drugs Provide a mechanism to enhance the absorption of poorly absorbed drugs Reduce degradation in biological fluids Controlled release Reduce drug irritation Provide tamper resistance Recap questions Drug delivery systems Routes of drug administration Oral or enteral route Buccal and sublingual delivery Colonic delivery Rectal delivery Nasal delivery Transdermal delivery Pulmonary delivery Intravenous administration Subcutaneous injection Intramuscular injection Ophthalmic delivery Summary points What do you think? Why are dosage forms needed? Extended functions of dosage forms What is a “route of drug administration”? Why are different routes of drug administration needed? What is the ideal in drug delivery and why is this ideal not easy to achieve? Overview of common routes of drug administration Chapter 1 deals with the approach that this book takes to the study of pharmaceutics. It makes the point that the drug and its dosage form must be considered together. The dosage form may significantly alter the impact of the drug and, in certain instances, actually change the nature of the observed pharmacological response. Several examples were given to explain the expanded role of the dosage form, illustrating the modified effects obtained as a consequence of the drug being placed within specialized dosage forms. This chapter starts off with a discussion of dosage forms to illustrate why we need them from a practical point of view, even when they do not materially affect the pharmacological response. It then briefly describes the different routes of drug administration. These two topics serve as the prelude to a book that deals largely with dosage forms and routes of drug administration ( Mind Map 2-1 ). MIND MAP 2-1Some Dosage Forms and Their Most Important Routes of Administration  With respect to dosage forms, the following aspects are important: What they are Why we need them What goes into them (ingredients) How they are made How they are tested What effect they have on the body (biological system) How the body affects them Their stability The advantages and disadvantages of each type How to choose from the different types of dosage forms, of the same drug, for a particular patient In addition, the mechanisms of drug release from the dosage form are important, as are the mechanisms and physiological factors that affect its absorption. A general approach adopted in this book is to outline the principles and give a few examples for illustrative purposes. Given that the book takes this approach, it is useful to start with a very basic concept: what are dosage forms and why do we need them? Get Free Access Through Your InstitutionPop-up div successfully displayed. This div only appears when the trigger link is hovered over. Otherwise it is hidden from view. Please Wait  Pharmacareerinsider  Dosage forms: Definition, Classification, and characteristics
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a dosage form as follows: “A pharmaceutical product, in the form in which it is presented for use, containing one or more active ingredients usually mixed with excipients.” In pharmaceuticals, manufacturers create a dosage form as a unique means of preparing medicine for patients. The design aims to guarantee that patients safely and effectively consume the correct dosage of the drug. Various forms, such as pills or liquids, offer different options, and the selection is based on what is most suitable for both the medicine and the patient. These dosage forms play a crucial role in the secure and effective delivery of medications. They are designed to serve several essential functions:Accurate Dosing: Dosage forms ensure that patients receive the correct and consistent amount of medication, which is critical for therapeutic effectiveness. Patient Convenience: They make it easier to take medications by providing various options, such as pills, liquids, or topical applications, based on individual preferences and medical needs. Drug Stability: Dosage forms help protect the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from degradation, ensuring the drug remains effective throughout its shelf life. Route of Administration: They are tailored to the intended route of drug delivery, whether oral, injectable, topical, or others, ensuring that the drug is administered appropriately. Classification of Dosage FormsDosage forms, also known as pharmaceutical preparations, are integral in administering medications, ensuring that drugs are delivered safely and effectively to patients. These forms can vary widely and are designed to accommodate different drug characteristics and patient needs. In this detailed note, we’ll explore the classification of dosage forms based on their physical state, route of administration, and release characteristics. I. Dosage Forms by Physical StateDosage forms can be categorized based on their physical state. Here are some common forms: 1. Solid Dosage Forms: Tablets: Compressed or molded solid preparations containing the drug and excipients. Capsules: Gelatin shells enclosing drug powder, granules, or pellets. Powders: Fine solid particles that may be ingested directly or mixed with a liquid. Granules : Aggregates of smaller particles, typically for oral administration. Lozenges: Solid, flavored discs intended for slow dissolution in the mouth. Sustained-Release Tablets: Tablets designed for gradual drug release. Effervescent Tablets: Tablets that effervesce when mixed with water. 2. Liquid Dosage FormsSolutions: Homogeneous mixtures of the drug and a liquid, such as water or alcohol. Suspensions : Dispersion of solid drug particles in a liquid medium, requiring shaking before use. Emulsions: Mixtures of two immiscible liquids stabilized by an emulsifying agent. Syrups: Solutions containing a high concentration of sugar or sugar substitutes. Elixirs: Sweetened, flavored hydroalcoholic solutions. Drops: Liquid preparations administered in small, precise doses. Aerosols: Liquid or solid particles dispersed in a gas, often used for inhalation. 3. Semi-Solid Dosage FormsCreams: Emulsions for topical application with a smooth and semi-solid consistency. Ointments: Semi-solid preparations with a greasier texture, suitable for skin application. Gels: Semi-solid substances with a jelly-like consistency, often used topically. Lotions: Liquid preparations for external application. Pastes: Thick, semi-solid preparations, sometimes used for skin conditions. Suppositories: Solid dosage forms for rectal or vaginal administration. Liniments: Liquids for rubbing or applying externally. Powders for External Use: Topical powders for various purposes. II. Dosage Forms by Route of AdministrationThe route of administration influences the choice of dosage form: 1. Oral Dosage Forms: – Tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions, solutions, and chewable tablets. 2. Parenteral Dosage Forms: – Injections for intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), intradermal (ID), intrathecal, intraosseous, and intracardiac administration. 3. Topical Dosage Forms: – Creams, ointments, gels, lotions, transdermal patches, sprays, and aerosols. 4. Rectal and Vaginal Dosage Forms: – Suppositories, enemas, creams, ovules, and tablets. 5. Inhalation Dosage Forms: – Inhalers, nebulized solutions, aerosols, dry powder inhalers (DPI), and metered dose inhalers (MDI). III. Dosage Forms by Release CharacteristicsDosage forms can also be classified based on their release characteristics: 1. Immediate-Release Dosage Forms: Release the drug rapidly, resulting in a quick onset of action. 2. Extended-Release (ER) or Controlled-Release (CR) Dosage Forms: Release the drug gradually over time, reducing the dosing frequency. 3. Delayed-Release Dosage Forms: Prevent drug release until they reach a specific part of the gastrointestinal tract, often achieved through enteric coatings. 4. Osmotic Release Dosage Forms: Controlled-release forms that use osmotic pressure to deliver the drug. 5. Sustained-Release Dosage Forms: Ensure a continuous and controlled drug release over an extended period. 6. Enteric-Coated Dosage Forms: Feature a protective coating that resists dissolution in the stomach, releasing the drug in the intestines. 7. Bi-layered Dosage Forms: Combine immediate-release and sustained-release layers for dual drug release. 8. Buccal and Sublingual Dosage Forms: Administered through the buccal or sublingual mucosa for rapid absorption. Dosage forms are chosen based on drug characteristics, patient needs, and the intended therapeutic effect, ensuring that medications are administered safely and effectively. Understanding this classification is essential for healthcare professionals and individuals involved in medication administration. Leave a Comment Cancel replySave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Thanks for sharing this, you are awesome ! 
1. PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS- CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATIONPharmaceutical dosage forms play a crucial role in the safe and effective delivery of medications to patients. They encompass various formulations and delivery systems that ensure the appropriate administration of drugs. Understanding the concept and classification of pharmaceutical dosage forms is essential for healthcare professionals, patients, and anyone interested in the field of pharmacy. In this article, we will explore the different dosage forms and their classifications, shedding light on their significance in the world of pharmaceuticals. Leave a Reply Cancel ReplyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Name * Email * Add Comment * Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Post Comment Trending now
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Dosage FormsNCI Thesaurus OID: 2.16.840.1.113883.3.26.1.1 NCI concept code for pharmaceutical dosage form: C42636
Understanding Pharmaceutical Dosage FormsDosage forms are believed to be as old as man himself, though doubts about the “measures” used by early man in quantifying these formulations never ceased to exist. Prior to the advent of orthodox medicine, primitive man used various forms of plants and animal parts either externally to aid wound healing or internally to relieve symptoms caused by emotional, physical or psychosomatic factors. Early civilizations also used a number of dosage forms – ointments, powders, pills, sugar-based sweet preparations, including syrups, conserves, confections, electuaries etc. many of which are currently employed in the management of disease conditions. The potent nature of most active drug substances and their low dose requirement which may not be convenient to weigh on routine bases as required by patients has prevented their use in the treatment and management of disease conditions. In other to obtain a stable, elegant, safe and therapeutic active drug product, drug substances are formulated into appropriate dosage forms; each designed to contain a given quantity of active drug substances for ease and accuracy of dosage administration. This article, therefore, provides an overview of the various classifications of pharmaceutical dosage forms as well as general considerations in dosage form design.
What Are Drugs?Drugs are substances other than nutrients or essential dietary ingredients, which when administered to a living organism, influences biological functions. The word “drug” is derived from the old French word “drogue” which means a “dry herb”; and has often been used interchangeably with “medicine”, “pharmaceutical product” and “pharmaceuticals” to refer to chemical substances intended for use in the diagnosis, prevention, treatment and management of disease(s) in man and in other animals. Traditionally, drugs were obtained naturally from minerals, plants or animals, but more recently, as by-products of microbial growth, through chemical/ organic synthesis, molecular modification, or biotechnology. Read more on Sources of Drugs What Are Pharmaceutical Excipients?Pharmaceutical excipients also referred to as pharmaceutical ingredients are inactive, non-medicinal substances, intentionally included in a drug product to serve different and specialized pharmaceutical purposes during manufacture, storage or use. Drug products usually contain other substances (e.g., bulking agents, disintegrants, stabilizers, solvents, lubricants, binders, preservatives etc.) other than the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), to ensure that the drug product is acceptable to the regulatory authorities and patients in terms of manufacturability, appearance and performance. What Are Dosage Forms?The term “dosage forms” refers to pharmaceutical preparations or formulations in which a specific mixture of drug substances (active pharmaceutical ingredients) and inactive components (excipients) are presented in a particular configuration to facilitate easy and accurate administration and delivery of active drug substances. The Need for Dosage FormsApart from ensuring safe and convenient delivery of the required dose of drug substances to the sites of action, dosage forms are needed for the following additional reasons:
Classifications/ Types of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Pharmaceutical dosage forms are classified either based on the methods/route of administration or based on the physical form of the dosage form. A. Classifications of Dosage Forms Based on Route/ Method of AdministrationA. oral dosage forms.  Oral dosage forms comprise pharmaceutical formulations taken orally for systemic effects. They are absorbed through the various epithelia and mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract at varying rates with the exception of drugs that are absorbed in the buccal cavity. Examples include tablets , capsules , suspensions , lozenges, pills, granules, powders , emulsions etc. Read Also: Oral Administration of Drugs: Advantages and Disadvantages b. Topical Dosage Forms These include drug molecules that are in a suitable solid base (e.g., powders and aerosols), semi-solid base (e.g., ointments, creams, foams, gels, poultice and pastes), or in liquid form (e.g., solutions, suspension of solids in aqueous solutions or emulsions) which possesses either hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties. These drugs are applied to the skin or other topical surfaces (such as the eye, ear and nose) mainly for local action. Systemic drug delivery can also be achieved using topical preparations (e.g., transdermal patches), though absorption is often poor and erratic. Read Also: Topical Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages c. Rectal Dosage Forms These are solutions, suppositories or emulsions administered rectally for local rather than systemic effect. These formulations can also be used to deliver drugs that are inactivated by gastrointestinal fluids when administered orally or when the oral route of the patient is precluded. Read Also: Rectal Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages d. Parenteral Dosage Forms These are usually sterile, particulate free and non-pyrogenic solutions or suspensions (of drugs in water or other suitable physiological acceptable vehicles) that are injected into the body using syringe and needle, infusion set etc. Read Also: Parenteral Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages e. Respiratory/Inhaled Dosage Forms This is a type of dosage form where drugs are delivered in gaseous, aerosol mist or ultrafine solid particle form into the lungs. These classes of dosage form are mainly for direct treatment and management of respiratory diseases. Examples include nebulizers, powder aerosols and pressurized metered dose aerosols. Read Also: Pulmonary Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages f. Vaginal Dosage Forms These are dosage forms that are intended to be used in the vaginal cavity for either contraception, induction of labour, treatment of vaginal infections or local menopausal symptoms. Commonly used vaginal dosage forms include creams, tablets, vaginal gels and pessaries, suppositories, foams, ointments, tampons and inserts. Others include vaginal rings, vaginal films etc. g. Ophthalmic Dosage Forms These are principally sterile solutions, ointments and suspensions, essentially free from particles or substances that might irritate the eye. They are meant to be gently applied to the eyelids or placed in the pocket between the eyelids and the eyeball. Ophthalmic dosage forms are commonly used to treat local ocular disorders, e.g. infection and inflammation; or intraocular disorders e.g. glaucoma. h. Nasal Dosage Forms Nasal formulations are non-sterile aqueous-based systems that are instilled within or sprayed into the nasal cavity from a dropper or from a plastic squeeze bottle. They are predominantly employed for the treatment of local disorders – infections, congestion, and allergic rhinitis. Nasal preparations when absorbed through the nasal mucosa to achieve systemic effect. Read Also: Nasal Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages i. Otic Dosage Forms These are non-sterile aqueous solutions, or solutions prepared with glycerin or other solvents and dispersing agents that are instilled into the ear canal for the treatment of local disorders. B. Classifications of Dosage Forms Based On the Physical Form of the Dosage FormThis class comprises the following dosage forms. a. Solid Dosage Forms These comprise drug products with definite shape and volume. They constitute approximately 90% of all dosage forms clinically used to provide systemic administration of therapeutic agents. This class broadly encompasses two types of formulation – tablets and capsules . Others include powders, granules etc. b. Semi-solid Dosage Forms These preparations applied on the skin or to the mucous membrane to achieve local or systemic effect. Examples include ointments, pastes, creams, gels etc. Semi-solid dosage forms have many characteristics in common – consistency, presentation, preservation requirement, and also route of administration which is mainly topical. c. Liquid Dosage Forms These include drug products administered in the form of solutions, suspensions, colloidons, emulsions etc. Liquid dosage form can be sterile or non-sterile depending on the route of administration . d. Gaseous Dosage FormsThis class comprises drug products that are packaged under pressure in a holder with a ceaseless or restricted conveyance valve framework. The gas inside contains restoratively dynamic medicaments that are released upon activation of an appropriate valve system. Examples include aerosols, nebulizer, sprays, inhalers etc. General Considerations in Dosage Form DesignA suitable dosage form design includes a. Preformulation StudiesThese studies are designed to identify those physical and chemical properties of a candidate drug molecule which may affect the development of a safe, stable and efficient dosage forms with good bioavailability. Commonly evaluated parameters during preformulation studies include – particle size and size distribution , solubility , dissolution behaviour, stability , refractive index, partition coefficient, drug-excipient compatibility, crystal form, surface properties, etc. b. Biopharmaceutical ConsiderationsThese studies are carried out to evaluate the rate and extent at which candidate drug molecule becomes available at the site of action. The aim is to achieve optimal therapeutic activity for the patient by modifying the delivery pattern of a drug molecule to systemic circulation. The major biopharmaceutical considerations include i. Pharmacodynamic Considerations
ii. Drug Consideration
iii. Drug Product Consideration
iv. Patient Consideration
v. Manufacturing Considerations
c. Formulation and DevelopmentThis stage involves the actual combination of candidate drug molecule with various excipients and also optimizing the concentration at which each excipient is used. The choice of excipients depends on the properties of the drug molecule and the nature of the intended drug product.
Related keywords: dosage form slideshare, dosage form ppt, importance of dosage form, dosage form definition fda, bulk dosage form, classification of dosage forms based on route of administration, Pharmaceutical dosage form List of Pharmaceutical Companies in Nigeria Solid Dosage Forms: Tablets  January 11, 2024  February 28, 2022  July 18, 2024  January 30, 2024  July 2, 2024  wow! really wonderfull,openly&plainly explained notes i like it  Thanks for the compliment. I am happy you found it useful.  This is a good lecture and clearly explained. Thank you very much. Can you send the pdf version of the post to my email address, please. Hello Galal, I am happy you found it useful. Check your email for the pdf version of the article.  Wow,it is so amazing.thank you so much sir,it really interested.please sir can I have the full PDF You can click on the link Understanding Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms to download the PDF version of the article.  Woooow,,,,,I like it! I would like because it is so understandable. I have been interested in it. Please sir may you send me the full PDF of it🙏🙏🙏🙏 Thanks. We will try the much we can. Leave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Regulations, Guidelines and Clinical TrialsImportant links, submit articles.
 Pharmaceutical Liquid Dosage Form Notes PPT/PDFPharmaceutical liquid dosage form. 
What Are Pharmaceutical Liquid Dosage Forms?Pharmaceutical liquid dosage forms are drug formulations that are in a liquid state, ready for consumption. These include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. They offer a versatile approach to delivering medications to patients of all ages. Advantages of Pharmaceutical Liquid Dosage FormsConvenience and Precision Liquid medications are easy to measure and administer accurately, making them a preferred choice for patients with specific dosage requirements. The risk of underdosing or overdosing is significantly reduced. Rapid AbsorptionLiquid dosage forms are quickly absorbed by the body, ensuring a faster onset of action. This is especially crucial for medications that require immediate relief or for patients with difficulty swallowing solid forms. Liquid for internal use:The largest proportion of the liquid formulations are liquid for internal use. Drug should have sufficient solubility in commonly used solvent, like water.
Syrups are commonly used for the following reasons:
Eg: Piperazine Citrate Elixirs I.P (Piperazine Citrate)
Eg: Codeine Linctus B.P.C (API: Codeine Phosphate)
Liquid Formulations for External Use:Monophasic liquids for external use may be categorised into following classes
Eg: Liniment of Camphor.
Eg: Calamine Lotion I.P Collodions:
Mouth Washes:
Eg: Sodium Chloride Mouth Wash, Compound B.P.C. Throat Paints:
Nasal Drops:
Biphasic Liquid Dosage form:Liquids which consist of two phases are known biphasic liquids. Eg: Emulsions and suspensions.
Suspensions:
Pharmaceutical Liquid Dosage Form FAQs1. What are the main advantages of Pharmaceutical liquid dosage forms? Pharmaceutical Liquid dosage forms offer precise dosing, rapid absorption, and ease of administration, making them suitable for patients with specific dosage requirements or those who have difficulty swallowing solid forms. 2. Can liquid dosage forms be used for pediatric patients? Yes, liquid dosage forms are often the preferred choice for pediatric patients as they allow for accurate dosing, making it easier to administer medications to children. 3. How do manufacturers ensure the stability of liquid formulations? Manufacturers use various techniques, including proper storage conditions, container selection, and preservatives, to maintain the stability of liquid formulations and extend their shelf life. 4. Are there any specific storage conditions for liquid dosage forms? Storage conditions may vary depending on the formulation. It is essential to follow the manufacturer’s instructions to maintain the product’s integrity and effectiveness. 5. What regulatory bodies oversee the production of liquid dosage forms? Regulatory bodies like the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) play a crucial role in overseeing and regulating the production of pharmaceutical liquid dosage forms to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy. Pharmaceutical Liquid Dosage Form Notes PDF Also, Visit: B. Pharma Notes | B. Pharma Notes | Study material Bachelor of Pharmacy pdf B. Pharma Handwritten Notes B. Pharma PDF Books B. Pharma Lab Manual D. Pharma Lab Manual B. Pharma 8th Semester Previous Year Question Paper D. Pharma Notes  TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMSOct 21, 2014 2.51k likes | 9.16k Views TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS. Types of dosage forms:. Definition: Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body. The need for dosage forms: 1- Accurate dose. 2- Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampules. 3- Protection from gastric juice. Share PresentationDosage forms.
 Presentation TranscriptTypes of dosage forms: Definition:Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body. The need for dosage forms: 1- Accurate dose. 2- Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampules. 3- Protection from gastric juice. 4- Masking taste and odour. 5- Placement of drugs within body tissues. 6- Sustained release medication. 7- Controlled release medication. 8- Optimal drug action. 9- Insertion of drugs into body cavities (rectal, vaginal) 10- Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs. Types of dosage forms (Cont.): They are classified according to: Route of administrationPhysical form Oral Solid Topical Semisolid Rectal liquid Parenteral Vaginal Inhaled Ophthalmic Otic Oral dosage forms: • A tablet is a hard, compressed medication in round, oval or square shape. • The excipients include: • Binders, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient tabletting. • Disintegrants to ensure that the tablet breaks up in the digestive tract. • -Sweeteners or flavours to mask the taste of bad-tasting active ingredients. • Pigments to make uncoated tablets visually attractive. • . 1-Tablet: 1-Tablet (Cont.) A coating may be applied to: 1- hide the taste of the tablet's components. 2- make the tablet smoother and easier to swallow . 3- make it more resistant to the environment. 4- extending its shelf life. 2-Buccal and sublingual tablet: - Sublingual and buccal medications are administered by placing them in the mouth, either under the tongue (sublingual) or between the gum and the cheek (buccal). • The medications dissolve rapidly and are absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth, where they enter into the bloodstream. • Avoid the acid and enzymatic environment of the stomach and the drug metabolizing enzymes of the liver. - Examples of drugs administered by this route: e.g. vasodilators, steroidal hormones. 3-Effervescent tablet: Effervescenttablets are uncoated tablets that generally contain acid substances (citric and tartaric acids) and carbonates or bicarbonates and which react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing carbon dioxide. -They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before use providing: A- Very rapid tablet dispersion and dissolution. B- pleasant tasting carbonated drink. 4- Chewable tablet: • They are tablets that chewed prior to swallowing. • They are designed for administration to children e.g. vitamin products. Hard gelatin capsule Soft gelatin capsule 5-Capsule: A capsule is a medication in a gelatin container. - Advantage: mask the unpleasant taste of its contents. - The two main types of capsules are: 1-hard-shelled capsules, which are normally used for dry, powdered ingredients, 2- soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil. 6- Lozenge: -It is a solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum, the latter giving strength and cohesiveness to the lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicament. - It is used to medicate the mouth and throat for the slow administration of indigestion or cough remedies. 7- Pastilles: They are solid medicated preparations designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth. They are softer than lozenges and their bases are either glycerol and gelatin, or acacia and sugar. 8- Dental Cones: • A tablet form intended to be placed in the empty socketfollowing a tooth extraction, for preventing the local multiplication of pathogenic bacteria associated with tooth extractions. - The cones may contain an antibiotic or antiseptic. 9-Pills: • Pills are oral dosage forms which consist of spherical masses prepared from one or more medicaments incorporated with inert excipients. • Pills are now rarely used. 10- Granules: • They are consisting of solid, dry aggregates of powder particles often supplied in single-dose sachets. • Some granules are placed on the tongue and swallowed with water, others are intended to be dissolved in water before taking. - Effervescent granules evolve carbon dioxide when added to water. 11- Powder (Oral): There are two kinds of powder intended for internal use. 1-Bulk Powders are multidose preparations consisting of solid, loose, dry particles of varying degrees of fineness. They contain one or more active ingredients, with or without excipients and, if necessary, coloring matter and flavoring substances. - usually contain non-potent medicaments such as antacids since the patient measures a dose by volume using a 5ml medicine spoon. The powder is then usually dispersed in water or, in the case of effervescent powders, dissolved before taking. 2-Divided Powders are single-dose presentations of powder ( for example, a small sachet) that are intended to be issued to the patient as such, to be taken in or with water. 12- Powders for mixtures: - The mixed powders may be stored in dry form and mixture prepared by the pharmacist when required for dispensing , by suspending the powders in the appropriate vehicle. 13-Liquid preparations: a- Oral solution: Oral solutions are clear Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle. b- Oral emulsion: Oral emulsions are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which may contain dissolved solids. c-Oral suspension: - Oral suspensions are Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle. - Oral suspensions may show a sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a uniform suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be delivered. 13-Liquid preparations (Cont.): d- Syrup: • It is a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, usually sucrose. • Flavored syrups are a convenient form of masking disagreeable tastes. e- Elixir: -It is pleasantly flavored clear liquid oral preparation of potent or nauseous drugs. - The vehicle may contain a high proportion of ethanol or sucrose together with antimicrobial preservatives which confers the stability of the preparation. 13-Liquid preparations (Cont.): f- Linctuses: • Linctuses are viscous, liquid oral preparations that are usually prescribed for the relief of cough. • They usually contain a high proportion of syrup and glycerol which have a demulcent effect on the membranes of the throat. • The dose volume is small (5ml) and, to prolong the demulcent action, they should be taken undiluted. • g- Oral drops: Oral drops are Liquid preparations for oral use that are intended to be administered in small volumes with the aid of a suitable measuring device. They may be solutions, suspensions or emulsions. 13-Liquid preparations (Cont.): h- Gargles: • They are aqueous solutions used in the prevention or treatment of throat infections. • Usually they are prepared in a concentrated solution with directions for the patient to dilute with warm water before use. i- Mouthwashes: These are similar to gargles but are used for oral hygiene and to treat infections of the mouth. Topical dosage forms: 1- Ointments: - Ointments are semi-solid, greasy preparations for application to the skin, rectum or nasal mucosa. - The base is usually anhydrous and immiscible with skin secretions. - Ointments may be used as emollients or to apply suspended or dissolved medicaments to the skin. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 2- Creams: • Creams are semi-solid emulsions, that is mixtures of oil and water. • They are divided into two types: A- oil-in-water (O/W) creams: which are composed of small droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase. Oil-in-water creams are more comfortable and cosmetically acceptable as they are less greasy and more easily washed off using water. B- water-in-oil (W/O) creams: which are composed of small droplets of water dispersed in a continuous oily phase. Water-in-oil creams are more difficult to handle but many drugs which are incorporated into creams are hydrophobic and will be released more readily from a water-in-oil cream than an oil-in-water cream. Water-in-oil creams are also more moisturising as they provide an oily barrier which reduces water loss from the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 3- Gels (Jellies): -Gels are semisolid system in which a liquid phase is constrained within a 3-D polymeric matrix (consisting of natural or synthetic gum) having a high degree of physical or chemical cross-linking. -They are used for medication, lubrication and some miscellaneous applications like carrier for spermicidal agents to be used intra vaginally . 4- Poultice: It is soft, viscous, pasty preparation for external use. They are applied to skin while they are hot. Poultice must retain heat for a considerable time because they are intended to supply warmth to inflamed parts of body. E.g. Kaolin poultice (B.P.C.) Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 5- Pastes : - Pastes are basically ointments into which a high percentage of insoluble solid has been added -The extraordinary amount of particulate matter stiffens the system. -Pastes are less penetrating and less macerating and less heating than ointment. -Pastes make particularly good protective barrier when placed on the skin, the solid they contain can absorb and thereby neutralize certain noxious chemicals before they ever reach the skin. - Like ointments, paste forms an unbroken relatively water – impermeable film unlike ointments the film is opaque and therefore can be used as an effective sun block accordingly. -Pastes are less greasy because of the absorption of the fluid hydrocarbon fraction to the particulates. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): There are two types of paste: a) Fatty pastes (e.g: leaser's paste) . b) Non greasy pastes (e g: - bassorin paste). 6- Dusting powders: • These are free flowing very fine powders for external use. - Not for use on open wounds unless the powders are sterilized. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 7- Transdermal patch: • A transdermal patch or skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. • An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types such as oral, topical, etc is that it provides a controlled release of the medicament into the patient. • - The first commercially available patch was scopolamine for motion sickness. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 8-Plasters: - Plasters are solid or semisolid masses adhere to the skin when spread upon cotton felt line or muslin as a backing material and they are mainly used to, A- Afford protection and mechanical support. B- Furnish an occlusive and macerating action. C- Bring medication into close contact with the surface of the skin. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 9- Liniments: - Liniments are fluid, semi-fluid or, occasionally, semi-solid preparations intended for application to the skin. - They may be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions. - Most are massaged into the skin (e.g. counter-irritant). - Liniments should not be applied to broken skin. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 10-Lotions: - These are fluid preparations (aqueous) for external application without friction. - They are either dabbed on the skin or applied on a suitable dressing and covered with a waterproof dressing to reduce evaporation. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 11- Collodion: • Collodion is a solution of nitrocellulose in ether or acetone, sometimes with the addition of alcohols. • Its generic name is pyroxylin solution. • It is highly flammable. • - As the solvent evaporates, it dries to a celluloid-like film. • - Compound Wart Remover consists of acetic acid and salicylic acid in an acetone collodion base used in Treatment of warts by keratolysis. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 12- Paints: • Paints are liquids for application to the skin or mucous membranes. • Skin paints contain volatile solvent that evaporates quickly to leave a dry resinous film of medicament. - Throat paints are more viscous due to a high content of glycerol, designed to prolong contact of the medicament with the affected site. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 13- Pressurized dispensers (aerosol sprays): • Several different types of pharmaceutical product may be packaged in pressurized dispensers, known as aerosols. • Surface sprays produce droplets of 100 um diameter or greater. • May be used as surface disinfectants, wound or burn dressing, relieve irritation of bites. - Spray-on dusting powders are also available from pressurized containers. Rectal dosage forms: 1- Suppository: It is a small solid medicated mass, usually cone-shaped ,that is inserted either into the rectum (rectalsuppository), vagina (vaginal suppository or pessaries) where it melts at body temperature . Rectal dosage forms (Cont.): 2- Enema: An enema is the procedure of introducing liquids into the rectum and colon via the anus. Types of enema: 1- Evacuant enema: usedas a bowel stimulant to treat constipation. E.g. soft soap enema & Mgso4 enema -The volume of evacuant enemas may reach up to 2 liters. - They should be warmed to body temperature before administration. Rectal dosage forms (Cont.): 2- Retention enema: • Their volume does not exceed 100 ml. • No warming needed. - May exert: A- Local effect: e.g. a barium enema is used as a contrast substance in the radiological imaging of the bowel. B- Systemic effect: e.g. the administration of substances into the bloodstream. This may be done in situations where it is impossible to deliver a medication by mouth, such as antiemetics. e.g. nutrient enema which contains carbohydrates, vitamins & minerals. Vaginal dosage forms: 1- Pessary: • Pessaries are solid medicated preparations designed for insertion into the vagina where they melt or dissolve. • There are three types: A-Moulded pessaries: they are cone shaped and prepared in a similar way to moulded suppositories. B- Compressed pessaries: made in a variety of shapes and are prepared by compression in a similar manner to oral tablets. C- Vaginal capsules: are similar to soft gelatin oral Capsules differing only in size and shape. Vaginal dosage forms (Cont.): 2- Vaginal ring: Vaginal rings are 'doughnut-shaped' polymeric drug delivery devices designed to provide controlled release of drugs to the vagina over extended periods of time. Several vaginal ring products are currently available, including: Femring : a low-dose estradiol-acetate releasing ring, manufactured from silicone elastomer, for the relief of hot flashes and vaginal atrophy associated with menopause. NuvaRing: a low-dose contraceptive vaginal ring, releasing progesterone and estrogen. Vaginal dosage forms (Cont.): 3- Douche: A douche is a device used to introduce a stream of water into the body for medical or hygienic reasons. Vaginal dosage forms (Cont.): 4- Intrauterine device: • It is a birth control device placed in the uterus, also known as an IUD or a coil. • The IUD is the world's most widely used method of reversible birth control. • The device has to be fitted inside or removed from the uterus by a doctor . • It remains in place the entire time pregnancy is not desired. Depending on • the type, a single IUD is approved for 5 to 10 years use. • There are two broad categories of intrauterine contraceptive devices: • A- inert and copper-based devices. • B- hormonally-based devices that work by releasing a progesterone. Parenteral dosage forms: Aninjection is an infusion method of putting liquid into the body, usually with a hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth for the material to be forced into the body. There are several methods of injection, including: 1-An intravenous injection: It is a liquid administered directly into the bloodstream via a vein. It is advantageous when a rapid onset of action is needed. Parenteral dosage forms (Cont.): 2- Intramuscular injection: • It is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle. • Many vaccines are administered intramuscularly. • Depending on the chemical properties of the drug, the medication may either be absorbed fairly quickly or more gradually. • Intramuscular injections are often given in the deltoid, vastus lateralis, ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal muscles. • - Injection fibrosis is a complication that may occur if the injections are delivered with great frequency or with improper technique. Parenteral dosage forms (Cont.): 3- Subcutaneous injection: Subcutaneous injections are given by injecting a fluid into the subcutis,the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis. Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and such medications as insulin. Inhaled dosage forms: 1- Inhaler : • Inhalers are solutions, suspensions or emulsion of drugs in a mixture of inert propellants held under pressure in an aerosol dispenser. • Release of a dose of the medicament in the form of droplets of 50 um diameter or less from the container through a spring-loaded valve incorporating a metering device. The patient then inhales the released drug through a mouthpiece. • In some types, the valve is actuated by finger pressure, in other types the valve is actuated by the patient breathing in through the mouthpiece. • It is commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems. Inhaled dosage forms (Cont.): 2- Nebulizer or (atomizer): • A nebulizer is a device used to administer medication to people in forms of a liquid mist to the airways. • - It is commonly used in treating asthma, and other respiratory diseases. • - It pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient. • As a general rule, doctors generally prefer to prescribe inhalers for their patients, because: • 1-These are cheaper • 2- more portable • 3- carry less risk of side effects. • Nebulizers, for that reason, are usually reserved only for serious cases of respiratory disease, or severe attacks. Ophthalmic dosage forms: 1- Eye drops: Eye drops are saline-containing drops used as a vehicle to administer medication in the eye. Depending on the condition being treated, they may contain steroids, antihistamines or topical anesthetics. Eye drops sometimes do not have medications in them and are only lubricating and tear-replacing solutions. 2- Ophthalmic ointment & gel: These are sterile semi-solid Preparations intended for application To the conjunctiva or eyelid margin. Otic dosage forms: 1- Ear drops: • Ear drops are solutions, suspensions or emulsions of drugs that are instilled into the ear with a dropper. • It is used to treat or prevent ear infections, especially infections of the outer ear and ear canal. Nasal dosage forms: 1- Nasal Drops and Sprays: Drugs in solution may be instilled into the nose from a dropper or from a plastic squeeze bottle. The drug may have a local effect, e.g. antihistamine, decongestant. Alternatively the drug may be absorbed through the nasal mucosa to exert a systemic effect. The use of oily nasal drops should be avoided because of possible damage to the cilia of the nasal mucosa. Intermediate products used in compounding: Extracts: These are concentrated preparations containing the active principals of vegetable or animal drugs which have been extracted with suitable solvents and concentrated to form liquid, soft or dry extract. Glycerins: These are solutions of medicaments in glycerol with or without the addition of water. Infusions: These are dilute solutions containing the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs and prepared by diluting 1 part of concentrated infusion with 10 parts of water. Concentrated infusions are prepared by cold extraction of crude drugs with 25% ethanol. Intermediate products used in compounding (Cont.): Oxymels: These are preparations in which the vehicle is a mixture of acetic acid and honey. Spirits: They are alcoholic or aqueous alcoholic solutions of volatile substances used as flavouring agents. Tinctures: These are alcoholic preparations containing the active principals of vegetable drugs. They are relatively weak compared to extracts. Aromatic waters: These are aqueous solutions, usually saturated of volatile oils or other volatile substances. Used as flavoring agents.
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Solid sources of Radiation : 406 views • 33 slides  720 views • 48 slides  1.22k views • 84 slides  Pharmaceutical dosage forms 21 views • 36 slides Advertisement First report for the voltammetric determination of Lamivudine anti-HIV drug in tablet dosage forms by glassy carbon electrode modified with polyaniline nanowires
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We introduce a novel electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with polyaniline nanowires (PANI-NWs/GCE) for the detection of Lamivudine (LMV), an anti-HIV drug. The modified electrode underwent comprehensive characterization using various techniques, and crucial parameters such as pH and scan rate were systematically optimized. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical behavior of LMV was thoroughly investigated at a working potential of − 1.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Our developed sensor exhibited a remarkable detection limit of 44 nM within the linear concentration range of 12–110 μM for LMV in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the modified electrode demonstrated successful application in the determination of low levels of LMV in pharmaceutical tablet samples. The method showcases excellent sensitivity and stability, making it suitable for routine quantification of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations. Importantly, our fabricated electrode exhibited minimal interference from common substances such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, and Zidovudine at an applied detection potential of − 1.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this articleSubscribe and save.
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Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Mahtab Nosrati, Amir Abbas Rafati & Parnaz Assari Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran Ahmad Bagheri You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar ContributionsMahtab Nosrati: Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software. Amir Abbas Rafati: Project administration, Conceptualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing-review & editing, Resource, Validation. Ahmad Bagheri: Advisor, data interpretation, reviewed and edited the manuscript, Parnaz Assari: She contributed to conducting additional tests for the revised version and addressed several reviewer comments. Corresponding authorCorrespondence to Amir Abbas Rafati . Ethics declarationsConflicts of interest. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Additional informationPublisher's note. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary InformationBelow is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Supplementary file1 (DOCX 15 KB)Rights and permissions. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Reprints and permissions About this articleNosrati, M., Rafati, A.A., Bagheri, A. et al. First report for the voltammetric determination of Lamivudine anti-HIV drug in tablet dosage forms by glassy carbon electrode modified with polyaniline nanowires. Appl. Phys. A 130 , 701 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-024-07827-7 Download citation Received : 09 April 2024 Accepted : 04 August 2024 Published : 09 September 2024 DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-024-07827-7 Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
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stabilize or preserve them, drug dosage forms can be made more effective and. The Dosage form is the combination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) Dosage forms are the mechanism by which drug molecules / APIs are. administered to areas of action inside the body to generate maximum intended. Mainly depend on Patient Safety and Drug ...
Introduction, Classification and Definitions of Dosage Forms
ISO 11239 Dosage Form (DF) and Route of Administration (RoA) specifies data elements and structure that uniquely, and with certainty, identifies pharmaceutical dosage forms, units of presentation ...
Broadly, dosage form design is a multidiverse field which involves selection of drug and excipients to design the formulation, manufacturing procedures, and finally assuring the quality for the dosage form and drug. Today, most of the drugs substances appear in solid materials either have crystalline or amorphous nature.
Understanding. Dosage forms are believed to be as. utPharmaceuticalthe"measures" usedby early man in quantifying. these formulations never ceased to exist. Prior to the advent of orthodox medicine, primitive man used various forms of plants and animal parts either externally to aid wound healing or internally to relieve symptoms caused by emo.
Chapter 2: Dosage Forms and Routes of Drug Administration
Dosage forms (also called unit doses) are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and inactive components (), in a particular configuration (such as a capsule shell, for example), and apportioned into a particular dose.For example, two products may both be amoxicillin, but one is in 500 mg capsules and another ...
ctiveness of pharmaceutical dosage forms is termed pharmaceutics.The proper design and formulation of a dosage form requires consideration of the physi-cal, chemical, and biologic characteristics of all of the drug substances and. harmaceutical ingredients to be used in fabricating the prod-uct. The drug and pharmaceutical materials must be ...
The choice of a specific dosage form depends on factors such as the drug's physical and chemical properties, the desired onset of action, and the patient's age and medical condition. Oral dosage forms Tablets and capsules: Solid oral dosage forms are among the most common. They are easy to manufacture, transport, and store. Tablets
Dosage forms can also be classified based on their release characteristics: 1. Immediate-Release Dosage Forms: Release the drug rapidly, resulting in a quick onset of action. 2. Extended-Release (ER) or Controlled-Release (CR) Dosage Forms: Release the drug gradually over time, reducing the dosing frequency. 3.
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical dosage forms. It discusses key terms like dosage form, active drug substance, excipients, and routes of administration. The main types of dosage forms covered are solutions, emulsions ...
Pharmaceutical dosage forms play a crucial role in the safe and effective delivery of medications to patients. They encompass various formulations and delivery systems that ensure the appropriate administration of drugs. Understanding the concept and classification of pharmaceutical dosage forms is essential for healthcare professionals ...
Dosage Forms
This is a type of dosage form where drugs are delivered in gaseous, aerosol mist or ultrafine solid particle form into the lungs. These classes of dosage form are mainly for direct treatment and management of respiratory diseases. Examples include nebulizers, powder aerosols and pressurized metered dose aerosols.
PHARMACEUTICAL LIQUID DOSAGE FORM. The liquid dosage forms, whether for internal, parenteral or external use may be either monophasic or biphasic products. Monophasic products are represented by true or colloidal solutions and solubilised preparations. They are appeared to be similar in physical appearance and consists of only one phase.
Liquid dosage forms Dr. Samar Afifi King Saud University Dept. of Pharmaceutics. Introduction Lecture 1. Monophasic liquid D.F Solutions Polyphasic liquid D.F Suspensions Colloids Liquid dosage forms Aqueous solutions Non-aqueous solutions Emulsions. Liquid dosage forms Solutions: solutions are clear liquid preparations containing one or more ...
TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS PowerPoint Presentation ...
For the preparation of Lamivudine tablet dosage forms for analysis, the tablets were finely ground to ensure homogeneity. A weighed amount of the ground tablet powder was dissolved in phosphate buffer solution and sonicated to ensure complete dissolution. The solution was filtered to remove any insoluble excipients and the filtrate was ...