“We emphasize training medical assistants to a much higher level than most expect, use 2 NPs extensively. MAs trained in using technology, standardized triage functions, training patients in self-management. As a group they stay with the practice for long periods. We are trying to ‘push the envelope' and rely less on credentialing and more on continually developing new skills.”
“The system can be an advocate. It can be a reminder that a mammogram needs to be done, that there is a system in place to make sure it happens, that things go well. A system can empower the medical assistant to insist that a patient be seen, even if it means clashing with a provider.”
“If the Respiratory Therapist notes an abnormal lab value, she is comfortable not just taking a blood sample and reporting it, but managing it. The technicians are caregivers. Expectations have changed. The ones that stay are good a adjusting therapy to within physiological parameters are cross trained so that they can take on nursing tasks, starting IVs when needed. When fully trained and confident they may tell an admitting doc that a patient is not ready to have a ventilator tube removed.”
A second limitation of this study was that the interviews were not tape-recorded to provide a raw data “gold standard” for later reference. For this reason, we went to considerable effort to ensure the quality of note taking as described in the methods section, and we obtained respondents' consent to follow-up with them to clarify notes. Follow-up was necessary in only a few instances. The notes were voluminous and rich in detail.
A third limitation is that for most of the interviews, one respondent represented each of the forty-three micro-systems. A more comprehensive assessment would include interviews with at least one person from each of the key roles within the micro-system, including patients. Such tradeoffs in qualitative analysis between breadth and depth are inevitable, 31 but given that this was an exploratory study, we decided to include as many micro-systems as possible with follow-up in later studies.
Research currently underway will expand on this work by taking a more comprehensive look at individual micro-systems and the outcomes of care provided to determine if high performing micro-systems achieve superior results for patients.
This research has been exploratory in that it is the first systematic look at health care micro-systems. The power of the research is that it gave a voice to individual micro-systems and provided a way to explore them while creating constructs that may be generalizable to other micro-systems. It has begun the work of defining and characterizing health care micro-systems. The greater value of this analysis will be to go beyond the findings of this research to develop tools to help existing micro-systems improve and to replicate and extend the achievements of these micro-systems.
The basic concept of health care micro-systems—small, organized groups of providers and staff caring for a defined population of patients—is not new. The key components of micro-systems (patients, populations, providers, activities, and information technology) exist in every health care setting. However, current methods for organizing and delivering health care, preparing future health professionals, conducting health services research, and formulating policy have made it difficult to recognize the interdependence and function of the micro-system.
Further analysis of the database would likely yield additional themes. All can be the basis of hypothesis testing for continued work. For example, further work might establish criteria of effectiveness and test whether the features identified as the eight themes are predictive of effectiveness. More refined or additional questions might clarify aspects of the general themes that are critical. More intensive data gathering, for example, of multiple members of the micro-system, including patients could validate results and expand our understanding of these micro-systems.
Two questions were central as we undertook this study: (1) would the term micro-system be meaningful to clinicians in the field? (2) Would they participate and give us detailed enough information to draw inferences? The answers to both questions were clearly: Yes.
Overall, we discovered that the idea of a micro-system was very readily understood by all we interviewed. They had no difficulty in identifying and describing their own micro-systems and, when appropriate because they directed several (such as several intensive care units), differentiating among them in terms of their characteristics.
The study was assisted in its work by an extremely able and distinguished steering group and Subcommittee whose reputations in the field unquestionably enabled us to secure the participation of nearly all who were invited despite our requesting an hour and a half of a busy clinician's time. Many of those interviewed willingly went on for a longer than the allotted 90 minutes and sent us additional materials. Some who were interrupted by urgent clinical business rescheduled time to complete the interviews.
Although this was a selected—not a randomly sampled—group, and there was clearly great enthusiasm and of innovative work going on at the grass-roots level. Many of those interviewed expressed clear ideas about how they were reorganizing practices, their principles for doing so, and their commitment to an ongoing process. Respondents described their early limited successes or outright failures. We heard what had and had not been successful as they tried to disseminate their practices throughout their organizations. We believe there is much that could profitably learned and shared beyond the individual sites that has not been yet been pulled together by a unifying conceptual framework or effective mechanism for deploying what is being learned.
We were struck by two findings in particular: First, the importance of leadership at the macro-system as well as clinical level; and second, the general lack of information infrastructure in these practices. Micro-system leaders repeatedly stressed the importance of executive and governance-level support. This support was singled out repeatedly as a sine qua non to their ability to succeed. It was also apparent that although some steps have been taken to incorporate the explosion of information technologies that are being deployed for managing patient information, free-standing practices as well as much of clinical practice within hospitals have only begun to integrate data systems, use them for real-time clinical practice, or as information tools for improving the quality of care for a patient population. The potential is enormous, but as yet, almost untapped. They appear to be at a threshold of incorporating information technologies into daily practice. The potential created by the development of knowledge servers, decision support tools, consumer informatics 32 continuous electronic patient-clinician communication, and computer-based electronic health records puts most of these micro-systems almost at “time zero” for what will likely be dramatic changes in the integration of information for real-time patient care and a strong baseline for future comparison.
As research on micro-systems moves forward, it will be important to transfer what has been learned from research on teams and organizations to new research that will be conducted on micro-systems. For example, research that will be helpful includes information about the different stages of development and maturity of the organization, creating the organizational environment to support teams, socializing new members (clinicians and staff) to the team, environments that support micro-systems, the characteristics of effective leadership, and how micro-systems can build linkages that result in well-coordinated care within and across organizational boundaries.
This study was intended to provide more than a database for research, however. It was undertaken to provide an evidence base for the IOM Committee on the Quality of Health Care in America in formulating its conclusions and recommendations. Because that committee was charged with the formulation of recommendations about changes that can lead to threshold improvement in the quality of care in this country, its members believed that it was extremely important to draw not only on their expertise and the literature but also on the best evidence it could find of excellent performance and to do so in a systematic way as exemplified by this study. As that study was not limited by type of health care, the goals of such a project necessitated drawing from a wide range of sites serving a variety of patient populations. It also suggests a sample size that for qualitative analytic methods was quite broad but not unwieldy. The number of sites interviewed—43—served these purposes well. We had several of each “kind” of micro-system (e.g., primary care, critical care) but they varied in location, composition, and in their own approaches to organizing and delivering care, thus providing a very rich database of observation. That report, which is expected to be published in early 2001, will use the responses and analysis described in this technical report to underpin its recommendations about how health care micro-systems, macro-systems, and other organizational forms that have not yet emerged, can improve their performance.
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Topics: Community Engagement , Five Questions
Five questions with courtney beard on engaging communities in research..
Courtney Beard , PhD, faced a problem familiar to many Harvard Medical School researchers: How to diversify your research studies to make them more applicable to the general population.
In Beard’s case, she was planning a study in the general population to evaluate a mental health app she developed as a cognitive-behavioral tool for so-called interpretation bias, which studies suggest is an important factor in anxiety and depression. The app was first tested at McLean Hospital, which serves a mostly white, well-educated population. She wanted to make sure her app also worked well for people historically under-represented in research studies, including people who identify as Black, Hispanic, and Latinx.
Serendipitously, Beard learned from a colleague about the study review service offered by the Community Coalition for Equity in Research , and immediately signed up. She filled out a two-page equity-focused template describing her study and made a 10-minute video outlining her research interests. Shortly thereafter, she found herself video-conferencing with a panel of community-embedded experts who provided individualized advice and guidance on how to make her study more equitable.
Beard, a clinical psychologist with expertise in anxiety disorders and cognitive behavior therapy, is associate professor of psychology in the Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School (HMS), and director of the Cognition and Affect Research and Education (CARE) Laboratory at McLean Hospital.
Much of our work involves identifying mechanisms that keep people anxious or depressed, such as mental habits, and then developing treatments to target those very specific mental habits. Habit Works is a perfect example of that. It focuses on how people interpret the countless ambiguous situations they face throughout the day. We know that interpretation bias plays a big role in how people feel in the moment, and it impacts what they do, especially if they’re feeling anxious.
HabitWorks has been developed and tested over a number of years in people who have lived experience with these conditions. The aim is to help people become more aware of how they’re interpreting situations and consider opening to alternative interpretations. Perhaps they become a little more flexible in their thinking, or at least start to pause when they notice themselves jumping to a particular type of conclusion.
Yes, it changed substantially. We originally planned to jump right into a pilot study to test our app in a general population and recruit a few hundred people. As a result of the review, we decided to take a step back and do a much smaller study specifically with people who identify as Black, Hispanic, or Latinx. We wanted to understand how they were experiencing the intervention and make sure it was acceptable to them before testing it more broadly, precisely because it had been first developed and tested in the primarily white population served by McLean. At the end of the study, we interviewed participants to clearly understand how they were using and experiencing the app.
“That warm handoff is critical. It has enabled us to be much more successful in getting people to respond to us. Otherwise, I’m just another Harvard professor wanting something from them.”
A particular concern was that the app presents day-to-day situations that are uncertain or ambiguous in some way. For people from minoritized backgrounds, those types of situations may bring up discrimination experiences or questions of identity in addition to the anxiety-related interpretations that are being targeted for reframing. We wanted to be sure the app wasn’t bringing up thoughts about discrimination, causing stress, or creating a perception that we were asking people to reappraise certain types of situations, which could be invalidating and unhelpful.
With changes recommended by the Coalition, we were able to answer many of those questions in advance of the bigger study in a broader population, which we’ve now just started. We found the app itself was easily accepted. People enjoyed using it and it didn’t cause harm. That was very reassuring.
In response to the Coalition’s recommendations, we also expanded and revamped the resources we provide to people along with the app. We added more resources around finding a therapist based on various aspects related to identity, as well as information on topics such as financial supports and coping with discrimination. We now have an exhaustive resource list that we give people.
The community ambassadors have been helping us form connections and spread the word about an NIMH-funded trial that is testing how parents’ interpretation bias might get passed down and ultimately cause anxiety in kids.
Quite a bit of data supports the idea that anxieties are passed down, and parenting behaviors might be even more important than genetics. Some data suggests that how parents interpret threat in their world leads them to engage in parenting behaviors that teach the child that the world is threatening, that maybe they can’t handle it and should avoid it. Those behaviors can keep the parent anxious as well as transfer anxiety to the children.
We’re using the HabitWorks app to manipulate parents’ interpretations and examine the downstream effects on their anxiety and their parenting behaviors related to anxiety. Then we bring in their kids and assess their own interpretations and anxiety.
We’re trying to enroll 300 parent-child dyads and would like at least 30% of those to be parents of color, mostly focusing on Black, Hispanic, and Latinx families. We also want fathers to represent 30% of our cohort because they have been largely ignored in this literature so far.
“Everyone’s hopefully realizing that if we want our research to have an impact, community-engaged research is something everyone should be trained in and conducting.”
We’ve been partnering with different organizations in the Springfield area in Western Massachusetts. We’re still early in the process, but we hope to expand the reach of our study beyond the populations of Boston and its affluent suburbs. The goal is to have a representative sample from which we can draw meaningful conclusions for all groups of people.
The people we’re working with are deeply embedded in their communities. They’re very well connected across many different community-based organizations and have helped us identify which might be a good fit for our outreach. When I reach out to these organizations, I can say I’m working with someone they already know.
That warm handoff is critical. It has enabled us to be much more successful in getting people to respond to us. Otherwise, I’m just another Harvard professor wanting something from them. That’s not a good way to start.
It’s something I wish I had learned about when I was in graduate school. A subset of people have been doing this type of research for a long time, but it was not necessarily viewed as relevant to all researchers. I think that is changing now. Everyone’s hopefully realizing that if we want our research to have an impact, community-engaged research is something everyone should be trained in and conducting.
In my work developing treatments for depression and anxiety, I’ve always included the perspectives of people with lived experience. A patient advisory board helped us develop the app, and we’ve asked people about their experiences. But our community engagement had always been specific to the clinic I was partnering with, whether at McLean or primary care clinics. Working with the Coalition has helped me go even further.
I’m eager to get to know these communities, to learn more from them, and to have them inform our future studies. So far, what we research has always been led by my team and me. I’m eager to realize the next phase of this process, to really listen to what research the community thinks is important to conduct.
Journal articles are the academic's stock in trade, t he basic means of communicating research findings to an audience of one’s peers. That holds true across the disciplinary spectrum, so no matter where you land as a concentrator, you can expect to rely on them heavily.
Regardless of the discipline, moreover, journal articles perform an important knowledge-updating function .
Textbooks and handbooks and manuals will have a secondary function for chemists and physicists and biologists, of course. But in the sciences, articles are the standard and preferred publication form.
In the social sciences and humanities , where knowledge develops a little less rapidly or is driven less by issues of time-sensitivity , journal articles and books are more often used together.
Not all important and influential ideas warrant book-length studies, and some inquiry is just better suited to the size and scope and concentrated discussion that the article format offers.
Journal articles sometimes just present the most appropriate solution for communicating findings or making a convincing argument. A 20-page article may perfectly fit a researcher's needs. Sustaining that argument for 200 pages might be unnecessary -- or impossible.
The quality of a research article and the legitimacy of its findings are verified by other scholars, prior to publication, through a rigorous evaluation method called peer-review . This seal of approval by other scholars doesn't mean that an article is the best, or truest, or last word on a topic. If that were the case, research on lots of things would cease. Peer review simply means other experts believe the methods, the evidence, the conclusions of an article have met important standards of legitimacy, reliability, and intellectual honesty.
Searching the journal literature is part of being a responsible researcher at any level: professor, grad student, concentrator, first-year. Knowing why academic articles matter will help you make good decisions about what you find -- and what you choose to rely on in your work.
Think of journal articles as the way you tap into the ongoing scholarly conversation , as a way of testing the currency of a finding, analysis, or argumentative position, and a way of bolstering the authority (or plausibility) of explanations you'll offer in the papers and projects you'll complete at Harvard.
Except where otherwise noted, this work is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , which allows anyone to share and adapt our material as long as proper attribution is given. For details and exceptions, see the Harvard Library Copyright Policy ©2021 Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College.
Exploratory research teaches skills that have lifelong use..
Updated August 1, 2024 | Reviewed by Monica Vilhauer
This post is the fourth in a series.
When helping students become researchers, the goal is not only to equip students to tackle a current research project but also to ensure the learned skills will stay with them for future endeavors. Students must understand which research staples must be applied under any circumstances (like critically evaluating sources or following ethical guidelines) while maintaining the flexibility to try different approaches and make new connections. Students at Laguna Beach High School (LBHS) are learning to do just that.
In Part I of this series I spoke to Jun Shen, the passionate teacher and ed-tech coordinator who runs LBHS’s Authentic Exploratory Research (AER) program . AER is an independent research course inspired by Palo Alto Unified School District’s Advanced Authentic Research program . The program pairs students with adult mentors (such as LBUSD staff, industry experts, and academics) who assist the teens in researching their big questions in fields of their choice.
Former LBHS student Carter Ghere was the third teenager to give us an account of his experience in AER and the findings that his AER research produced. A benefit to meeting with Ghere was that he has since moved on to projects outside the AER program, such as promoting physical and mental health . The research skills Ghere honed in AER, combined with his passion for his new endeavors, show us how students can learn research skills in a way that has lasting benefits.
Jenny Grant Rankin: What can teachers do to help students research effectively, not only for current projects but also for future research endeavors?
Carter Ghere: Teachers can encourage students to think about minor aspects of the project that greatly influence the thesis rather than just the thesis question itself. When I researched car design and why it varies, I had to consider each factor that could help me build a strong argument. What started as research on cars very quickly turned into research into socioeconomics, societal upbringing, and government involvement in diplomatic events and conflict. Automotive design changed because manufacturers were competing against each other to sell more cars or improve efficiency, but mass appeal is the biggest driving aspect of change, so I had to research what changes mass appeal and where interests originate from. Laterally, researching aspects of influence opens up much research to apply to your projects, instead of searching for the answer most people already know. Teachers can teach their students how to see the hidden influences, draw conclusions themselves to strengthen their arguments, and accelerate the research process. Knowing how to do research effectively carries over a lifetime, making every new learning endeavor exciting for students instead of monotonous.
JGR: What was the most significant thing you learned about conducting research?
CG: Relevance and impact. The biggest thing I learned while I was conducting research was keeping in mind how your study affects the current information already available. It’s easy to research and quote what most people know, but genuinely effective research isn’t commonly known or even thought of; the research is supposed to question the current knowledge to create new knowledge.
JGR: What was the most significant thing you learned about communicating research or other work?
CG: Knowing your audience is the biggest thing I learned about communicating my work. Putting myself in the shoes of someone reading my work helped me curate my research to better explain my findings to someone who may need to learn about my topic or why this is important. The last thing you want your audience to feel is confusion; a clear, simple explanation of your findings helps the reader draw their connections and relate them to what they already know.
JGR: What lessons learned in AER do you find yourself applying in your current efforts to promote mental health?
CG: The research experience I have from AER accelerated the work I’ve done beyond high school. In terms of research and the actual information I give out, I know that what I’m discovering isn’t new, but the personal opinion that I have is, and that’s what AER taught me. The thoughts that I have on the subject matter of lifestyle and self-development have more relevance than just plain information.
Learning through apprenticeship and embracing the guidance of a mentor profoundly expanded my understanding. This experience made me realize the vast opportunities I still have to learn and grow. At AER, I had the chance to engage in research, connect with experts in the field, develop personal convictions that I am passionate about, ensure these ideas resonate with others, and communicate them effectively.
Ghere demonstrates what we want students to be able to do with the knowledge and skills we teach: to remember, apply, and develop them perpetually. Ideally, as in Ghere’s case, students also use their research skills to help others and improve our world. To continue reading, look for Part V .
Jenny Grant Rankin, Ph.D., is a Fulbright Specialist for the U.S. Department of State.
Sticking up for yourself is no easy task. But there are concrete skills you can use to hone your assertiveness and advocate for yourself.
One single PhD research project is by nature restricted to what can be accomplished in four years time. An important result of such a project is a set of new questions that can be used as ideas for further research, as detailed research always unearths further questions.
One target for additional research is the knowledge component. This thesis showed an attractive approach for improving the data and information handling capacity of BC . Some suggestions have been given on how this approach also makes BC a more knowledge-driven industry. There are however many opportunities for much more detailed research in this area.
Though keeping a constant eye on the needs and uses of Specification s, there hasn't been much attention to the inner details of a Specification . Possible attention areas include the knowledge-intensive links to regulations and laws which are probably worth a couple of years of research. How to handle the differences between the generic properties attached to bcoWeb objects and the probably partly different properties as preferred by the Specification . This thesis showed some technical possibilities for multiple Classification s per Specification : what are the organisational, juridical and practical possibilities or difficulties to bring this to practice and to perhaps take it somewhat further by having different Specification s for different kinds of projects?
Additionally, a Specification can be seen as a model that describes the transformation from design to materialisation for a given project. The traditional (paper based or electronic) Specification will be a representation of this future model, just like the 3 D geometry or 2 D geometry is a representation of an IFC model.
ISO 12006-2 is partially FU -based [ 87 ]. There was no time to investigate the possible connections with bcoWeb 's GARM -like development. 12006-2 is quite formal and well-defined, so looking at both from a likewise well-defined OWL -viewpoint seems worthwhile.
Something that did not receive enough attention is the use of the subclass relation. Are catalog items subclasses or instances of bcoWeb TS s, for instance? For the prototype development, the subclass relation was used (which worked), but much more thought should go into this. Also the suitability of Ontologies for multiple viewpoints should receive more attention. Do you need multiple Ontologies or not?
In this thesis, bcoWeb was only filled with objects directly. There are, however, possibilities to mine catalogs and object trees automatically for data. Catalogs and object trees could have a local set of objects, which might be considered potential candidates for inclusion in the core bcoWeb . There is a lot of research to be done on this terrain. Perhaps revisiting neural networks and fuzzy logic is a worthy research target.
With an initial--and needed--focus on a national bcoWeb , there remains a desire for international cooperation, with many larger projects being international in nature and with many suppliers working internationally. Perhaps these international suppliers can be an important link in connecting various national bcoWeb s. At the least, this is an area that can use further research.
Something that did not receive much attention in this thesis is the coupling between bcoWeb and geometry. Some work was done in eConstruct , demonstrating possibilities. This, too, is a worthwhile research target.
Web services themselves are also a potential research target. How can they be made acceptable? What are the limitations? Are certain areas more suited for web services than others? Can a strength calculation be reliably performed? What is the effect on financing and billing structures?
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Similarly, further research might explore the (relatively rare) experiences of marginalised and seldom-heard groups involved in research. Payment for public involvement in research remains a contested issue with strongly held positions for and against; it would be helpful to further explore the value research partners and researchers place on ...
Overall, strive to highlight ways other researchers can reproduce or replicate your results to draw further conclusions, and suggest different directions that future research can take, if applicable. Relatedly, when making these recommendations, avoid: Undermining your own work, but rather offer suggestions on how future studies can build upon it.
This is because your future research suggestions generally arise out of the research limitations you have identified in your own dissertation. In this article, we discuss six types of future research suggestion. These include: (1) building on a particular finding in your research; (2) addressing a flaw in your research; examining (or testing) a ...
These recommendations may include suggestions for research methods, data collection techniques, sources of information, and other factors that can help to ensure that the research is conducted in a rigorous and effective manner. ... Encouraging further research: Research recommendations can help identify gaps in knowledge and areas for further ...
Your dissertation needs to include suggestions for future research. Depending on requirements of your university, suggestions for future research can be either integrated into Research Limitations section or it can be a separate section. You will need to propose 4-5 suggestions for future studies and these can include the following: 1. Building upon findings of your research. These may relate ...
Recommendations for future research should be: Concrete and specific. Supported with a clear rationale. Directly connected to your research. Overall, strive to highlight ways other researchers can reproduce or replicate your results to draw further conclusions, and suggest different directions that future research can take, if applicable.
In this chapter we conclude with a discussion of the potential implications of our findings for policy and practice and suggestions for future research. ... Further exploration of the evidence templates and how they link to broader shared cognitive frames of rationality in the form of institutional logics in the field of health care 107, 108 ...
Suggestions for further research can lead directly from the limitations. Don't just state that more studies should be done—give concrete ideas for how future work can build on areas that your own research was unable to address. Examples: Recommendation sentence starters. Further research is needed to establish…
Here is a step-wise guide to build your understanding on the development of research recommendations. 1. Understand the Research Question: Understand the research question and objectives before writing recommendations. Also, ensure that your recommendations are relevant and directly address the goals of the study. 2.
Author affiliations. "More research is needed" is a conclusion that fits most systematic reviews. But authors need to be more specific about what exactly is required. Long awaited reports of new research, systematic reviews, and clinical guidelines are too often a disappointing anticlimax for those wishing to use them to direct future research.
Make Suggestions for Further Research. You may choose to conclude the discussion section by making suggestions for further research [as opposed to offering suggestions in the conclusion of your paper]. Although your study can offer important insights about the research problem, this is where you can address other questions related to the ...
Research Question Examples 🧑🏻🏫. 25+ Practical Examples & Ideas To Help You Get Started. By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | October 2023. A well-crafted research question (or set of questions) sets the stage for a robust study and meaningful insights. But, if you're new to research, it's not always clear what exactly constitutes a good ...
Implications of a study are the impact your research makes in your chosen area; they discuss how the findings of the study may be important to justify further exploration of your research topic. Research recommendations suggest future actions or subsequent steps supported by your research findings. It helps to improve your field of research or ...
Discuss limitations: Be sure to discuss any limitations of your research that may require further exploration. This will help to highlight the need for future research and provide a basis for further investigation. Suggest methodologies: Provide suggestions for methodologies that could be used to explore the research questions you have ...
This final chapter concludes with the four research questions (sections 8.1.1 to 8.1.4) and provides general insights from across the study (section 8.1.5). ... Conclusion and suggestions for further research. In: Big Data to Improve Strategic Network Planning in Airlines. Schriftenreihe der HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management. Springer ...
Here are some helpful tips for writing dissertation recommendations that you should incorporate when drafting a research paper: Avoid general or vague recommendations. Be specific and concrete. Offer measurable insights Ensure your suggestions are practical and implementable. Avoid focusing on theoretical concepts or new findings but on future ...
The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of the main topics covered or a re-statement of your research problem, but a synthesis of key points derived from the findings of your study and, if applicable based on your analysis, explain new areas for future research.
Using future research suggestions as a basis to come up with a dissertation topic idea. To use future research suggestions as a basis to come up with a dissertation topic idea, you need to have read a journal article on a topic that interests you. Having read this journal article, focus on the section at the end of the article, often called Future Research (or Discussion/Research Limitations ...
Research suggestions related to tools and data for emergency planning and response, contingencies, risk communication and behavioral sciences, decontamination, and lessons learned from natural disasters are presented below. ... Determine the costs and benefits of further research to identify additional surrogates, considering which agents under ...
Keep in mind that acknowledgment of a study's limitations is an opportunity to make suggestions for further research. If you do connect your study's limitations to suggestions for further research, be sure to explain the ways in which these unanswered questions may become more focused because of your study.
One way to think about research is as an investigation of the missing pieces that fill the gaps identified in the literature. While there are potentially many missing pieces in a domain, we present five key perspectives on generating research ideas that address gaps in the literature - see Fig. 2.The first four perspectives reflect key dimensions in fundamental research methodology.
The part scope for further research is essential in every academic study such as a thesis, ... Suggestions. Finally, the approach of the researcher becomes more direct. To be specific, some direct research suggestions should be given to other scholars for future studies. Be precise so that the reader is confident to undertake future studies in ...
Most typically in science, answering one question inspires deeper and more detailed questions for further research. Similarly, coming up with a fruitful idea to explain a previously anomalous observation frequently leads to new expectations and areas of research. So, in a sense, the more we know, the more we know what we don't yet know.
In particular, further evidence may be required on how to provide accessible information and education, and how to deliver accessible vaccination services. However, although these issues were raised in the present work, we did not conduct a systematic review on these topics and, as such, cannot make definitive recommendations for future research.
9.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research. It should be clear that, in spite of these findings, precedent-based reasoning does not render the Court omnipotent either. In what follows, three sets of limitations that apply to the study's results are highlighted.
There are limitations to all sampling strategies and to qualitative research, in particular. The strength of this method was that the sample selection used input from a pool of reognized experts in the organization, delivery, and improvement of health care. Even with a pool of recognized experts, it is reasonable to expect that some high performing micro-systems were overlooked. It was also ...
Courtney Beard, PhD, faced a problem familiar to many Harvard Medical School researchers: How to diversify your research studies to make them more applicable to the general population.. In Beard's case, she was planning a study in the general population to evaluate a mental health app she developed as a cognitive-behavioral tool for so-called interpretation bias, which studies suggest is an ...
Not all important and influential ideas warrant book-length studies, and some inquiry is just better suited to the size and scope and concentrated discussion that the article format offers. Journal articles sometimes just present the most appropriate solution for communicating findings or making a convincing argument. A 20-page article may ...
At AER, I had the chance to engage in research, connect with experts in the field, develop personal convictions that I am passionate about, ensure these ideas resonate with others, and communicate ...
Suggestions for further research. One single PhD research project is by nature restricted to what can be accomplished in four years time. An important result of such a project is a set of new questions that can be used as ideas for further research, as detailed research always unearths further questions. One target for additional research is ...