NCERT Revision Notes for Class 10
Cbse ncert revision notes for class 10.
- Class 10 Maths Notes
- Class 10 Science Notes
- Class 10 English Notes
- Class 10 Hindi Notes
- Class 10 Social Science Notes
Revision Notes for Class 10 Maths
- Chapter 1 Real Numbers Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 2 Polynomials Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 3 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 6 Triangles Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 9 Some Applications of Trigonometry Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 10 Circles Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 11 Constructions Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 12 Areas Related to Circles Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 13 Surface Areas and Volumes Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 14 Statistics Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 15 Probability Class 10 Notes
Revision Notes for Class 10 Science
- Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 6 Life Processes Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 7 Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 12 Electricity Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 14 Sources of Energy Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 15 Our Environment Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 16 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources Class 10 Notes
Revision Notes for Class 10 English
- Class 10 First Flight English Notes
- Class 10 Footprints without Feet English Notes
Revision Notes for Class 10 First Flight English
- Chapter 1 A Letter to God Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 2 Long Walk to Freedom Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 3 His First Flight Two Stories About Flying Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 3 Black Aeroplane Two Stories About Flying Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 4 From the Diary of Anne Frank Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 5 The Hundred Dresses - I Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 6 The Hundred Dresses - II Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 7 Glimpses of India Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 8 Mijbil the Otter Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 9 Madam Rides the Bus Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 10 The Sermon at Benares Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 11 The Proposal Class 10 Summary
- Dust of Snow Class 10 Summary
- Fire and Ice Class 10 Summary
- A Tiger in the Zoo Class 10 Summary
- How to Tell Wild Animals Class 10 Summary
- The Ball Poem Class 10 Summary
- Amanda Class 10 Summary
- Animals Class 10 Summary
- The Trees Class 10 Summary
- Fog Class 10 Summary
- The Tale of Custard the Dragon Class 10 Summary
- For Anne Gregory Class 10 Summary
Revision Notes for Class 10 Footprints without Feet English
- Chapter 1 A Triumph of Surgery Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 2 The Thief's Story Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 3 The Midnight Visitor Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 4 A Question of Trust Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 5 Footprints without Feet Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 6 The Making of a Scientist Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 7 The Necklace Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 8 The Hack Driver Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 9 Bholi Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 10 The Book That Saved the Earth Class 10 Summary
Revision Notes for Class 10 Hindi
Revision notes for class 10 hindi kshitiz, revision notes for class 10 hindi kritika, revision notes for class 10 hindi sparsh, revision notes for class 10 hindi sanchayan.
- Chapter 1 पद Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 2 राम-लक्ष्मण-परशुराम संवाद Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 3 सवैया कवित्त Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 4 आत्मकथ्य Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 5 उत्साह और अट नहीं रही Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 6 यह दंतुरित मुस्कान और फसल Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 7 छाया मत छूना Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 8 कन्यादान Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 9 संगतकार Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 10 नेताजी का चश्मा Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 11 बालगोबिन भगत Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 12 लखनवी अंदाज़ Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 13 मानवीय करुणा की दिव्य चमक Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 14 एक कहानी यह भी Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 15 स्त्री शिक्षा के विरोधी कुतर्कों का खंडन Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 16 नौबतखाने में इबादत Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 17 संस्कृति Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 1 माता का आँचल Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 2 जॉर्ज पंचम की नाक Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 3 साना-साना हाथ जोड़ि Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 4 एही ठैयाँ झुलनी हेरानी हो रामा Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 5 मैं क्यों लिखता हूँ? Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 1 साखी Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 2 मीरा के पद Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 3 बिहारी के दोहे Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 4 मनुष्यता Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 5 पर्वत प्रदेश में पावस Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 6 मधुर-मधुर मेरे दीपक जल Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 7 तोप Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 8 कर चले हम फ़िदा Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 9 आत्मत्राण Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 10 बड़े भाई साहब Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 11 डायरी का एक पन्ना Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 12 तताँरा-वामीरो कथा Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 13 तीसरी कसम के शिल्पकार शैलेंद्र Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 14 गिरगिट Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 15 अब कहाँ दूसरे के दुख से दुखी होने वाले Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 16 पतझर में टूटी पत्तियाँ Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 17 कारतूस Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 1 हरिहर काका Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 2 सपनों के-से दिन Class 10 Summary
- Chapter 3 टोपी शुक्ला Class 10 Summary
Revision Notes for Class 10 Social Science
Revision notes for class 10 history, revision notes for class 10 geography, revision notes for class 10 civics, revision notes for class 10 economics.
- Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World Class 10 Notes
- The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China Class 10 Notes
- Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Notes
- Novels, Society and History Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 1 Resources and Development Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 3 Water Resources Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 4 Agriculture Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 7 Life Lines of National Economy Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 1 Power Sharing Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 2 Federalism Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 4 Gender, Religion and Caste Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 6 Political Parties Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 7 Challenges to Democracy Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 1 Development Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 2 Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 3 Money and Credit Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 4 Globalisation and the Indian Economy Class 10 Notes
- Chapter 5 Consumer Rights Class 10 Notes
Other Helpful Study Materials for Class 10
- Class 10 NCERT Solutions
- Class 10 Important Questions
- Class 10 MCQ with Answers
- Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions
- Study Resources for Class 10
- Maths Formula Book for Class 10
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The first amendment, the united states constitution.
Beginning with the words “We the People,” the U.S. Constitution is composed of the Preamble, seven articles, and 27 amendments. The first 10 amendments are known as the Bill of Rights.
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We selected two scholars for each clause with guidance from the American Constitution Society and the Federalist Society—America’s leading legal organizations representing different perspectives on the Constitution. These experts explore areas of agreement and disagreement about the Constitution’s text and history, how it’s been interpreted over time, and what it means today.
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The famous first 52 words of the Constitution introduce the articles and amendments that follow.
The seven articles make up the structural constitution, signed on September 17, 1787, and ratified on June 21, 1788.
Legislative Branch
Executive branch, judicial branch, states, citizenship, new states, amendment process, debts, supremacy, oaths, religious tests, ratification.
There have been 27 amendments to the Constitution, beginning with the Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments, ratified December 15, 1791.
Bill of Rights
Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition, right to bear arms, quartering of soldiers, search and seizure, grand jury, double jeopardy, self incrimination, due process, takings, right to speedy trial by jury, witnesses, counsel, jury trial in civil lawsuits, excessive fines, cruel and unusual punishment, non-enumerated rights retained by people, rights reserved to states or people, suits against states, election of president and vice president, reconstruction amendments, abolition of slavery, citizenship rights, equal protection, apportionment, civil war debt, right to vote not denied by race, popular election of senators, prohibition of liquor, women’s right to vote, presidential term and succession, assembly of congress, repeal of prohibition, two-term limit on presidency, presidential vote for d.c., abolition of poll taxes, presidential disability and succession, right to vote at age 18, congressional compensation, modal title.
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Federalism Class 10 Notes: CBSE Civics Chapter 2
- Revision Notes
- Social Science: Political Science
- Chapter 2 Federalism
Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Notes PDF Download for FREE
Chapter 2 of Class 10 Civics, titled "Federalism," explores the concept of federalism and its role in India’s government. Federalism is a system where power is shared between a central authority and smaller units like states or provinces. This chapter explains how federalism helps manage diverse regions and interests in a large country like India, ensuring that both national and state governments have their roles and responsibilities. The revision notes are aligned with the CBSE Class 10 Civics Syllabus .
It looks at how this system supports unity while allowing regional autonomy. These revision notes by Vedantu provide clear explanations and examples to help you know what federalism is and why it is crucial for democratic governance, also refer to Class 10 Civics Revision Notes for better understanding of concepts.
Related Chapters
Access Civics Chapter 2 Federalism Class 10 Notes
Introduction:.
Discover concise and comprehensive revision notes for Class 10 Democratic Politics Chapter 2 on federalism.
Gain a deep understanding of the key concepts and principles underlying Federalism.
Key Points:
Definition of federalism: explore the concept of federalism, a system of government that divides power between a central authority and regional governments. understand how this division of power maintains a balance between a strong central government and the autonomy of regional governments..
Powers and Responsibilities:
Delve into the powers and responsibilities of the central government, such as defense, foreign affairs and currency regulation.
Explore the areas where regional governments exercise authority, such as education, public health and local infrastructure development.
Importance of a Written Constitution:
Discover the significance of a written constitution in federalism, as it defines the powers and limitations of both the central and regional governments.
Understand how a written constitution protects the rights and liberties of citizens and provides a legal framework for governance.
Advantages of Federalism:
Explore the benefits of federalism, including the participation of diverse regional interests, local self-governance and accommodation of regional needs.
Understand how federalism fosters unity and stability by preventing the concentration of power in one central authority.
Two Levels of Government Exist:
One exists at the national or the central level that is usually responsible for the entire country. They take care of few subjects that are of national interest.
Others exist at the level of state or divisional provinces and look after the administration on daily basis.
In a unitary system of government, only one level holds political power or authority. If other levels of government are present they work as subordinates or under the central government.
A federal government, in contrast, cannot order the state or the local government to follow the guidelines generated by the central government.
Key Features of Federalism are:
1. Multiple Levels of Government: Federalism involves two or more layers of government, each with its own set of powers and responsibilities.
2. Distinct Jurisdictions: Each level of government manages the same citizens but has specific areas of authority, such as legislation, taxation, and administration.
3. Constitutional Guarantee: The powers and existence of each government tier are protected by the constitution, ensuring stability and clarity.
4. Amendment Process: Changes to key constitutional provisions require approval from both levels of government, preventing unilateral alterations.
5. Judicial Oversight: Courts interpret the constitution and resolve disputes between government levels, ensuring that power is exercised correctly.
6. Defined Revenue Sources: Each government tier has its own sources of revenue, ensuring financial independence and proper functioning.
7. Dual Objectives: Fed eralism aims to maintain national unity while accommodating regional diversity, balancing the needs of a diverse population.
Different Ways of Creating Federalism:
For federalism to work effectively, two key factors are necessary: mutual trust between different levels of government and a shared commitment to coexist. Federations can be established through two main approaches:
Coming Together : Independent states join voluntarily to form a larger federation. This approach is seen in countries like the USA, Switzerland, and Australia, where separate states unite to create a single nation.
Holding Together : A large country decides to divide its powers between the central government and its smaller states or regions. This method is used in countries such as India, Spain, and Belgium, where a central authority shares power with various regional governments.
What Makes India a Federal Country?
The Constitution provided for a two-tier system of government: the Union Government or Central Government and the State governments. Later Panchayats and Municipalities were also added.
Since there is a three-tier of government, the Constitution states three lists:
Union List:
Subjects like defense, foreign affairs, currency, etc. are included in the list.
These subjects are of national importance.
Laws related to this list are made by the Union List.
State List:
Subjects like police, commerce, irrigation, etc. are covered under this list.
These subjects are of State and local importance.
Laws related to this subject are made by the state government.
Concurrent List:
Contains subjects of common interest to both the Union as well as the States such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption, and succession.
Both the Central and the state governments can make laws in the Concurrent List.
Some States enjoy a special status such as Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram under Article 371 due to their peculiar social and historical circumstances.
Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, the capital city of Delhi, is called Union Territories and the Central Government has special powers in running these areas.
How is Federalism Practiced?
Linguistic states.
The creation of linguistic States was a significant step for democratic politics in our country.
In 1947, the boundaries of several old States of India were changed to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State. Some states like Nagaland, Uttarakhand, and Jharkhand were created to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity, or geography.
It helped to make the country more united and the administration was easier.
Language Policy
Hindi was identified as the official language but no language was given the status of the national language. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution.
Center-State Relations
Restructuring the relationship between the Center and the State is yet another way in which federalism was strengthened in practice. If no single party has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, major national parties could join forces with other parties, along with several regional parties, to form a coalition in the Centre.
Decentralization in India
The process in which the power is taken from the Central and State government and distributed in the hands of local governments is called decentralization.
This idea was brought into account as there are many problems and issues that are better resolved and taken care of at the local level than state or central level. Hence several local institutes were set up to take care of them.
This initiative was taken by the Indian government in 1992 and the Constitution was amended to create a third-tier of government. This made Indian democracy more powerful and effective.
To bring this to power effectively, the following steps were taken:
Regular elections for these local bodies were made mandatory.
Seats were reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward classes to ensure their representation.
Women had one-third of the seats reserved for them.
State Election Commission was also established to conduct these elections.
Some share of power and revenue that the state government had was given to these local bodies.
Panchayati raj is the local government that is present in each village. A gram panchayat is also present in some groups of villages in some states.
Big cities and urban areas are taken care of by the municipalities.
Panchayati Raj System
The Panchayati Raj System is the local government structure in rural areas. It consists of several layers of local councils that manage village affairs:
1. Gram Panchayat: Each village, or a group of villages in some states, has a Gram Panchayat, which is a council made up of several ward members (known as panchs) and a president (called a sarpanch). These members are elected directly by the village residents and are responsible for decision-making in the village.
2. Gram Sabha: The Gram Panchayat operates under the Gram Sabha, which includes all voters in the village. The Gram Sabha meets at least two or three times a year to approve the budget of the Gram Panchayat and review its performance.
3. Panc hayat Samiti: Several Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form a Panchayat Samiti (or Block/Mandal). Representatives for the Panchayat Samiti are elected by the members of the Panchayats within that area.
4. Zilla Parishad: All Panchayat Samitis or Mandals in a district combine to create the Zilla Parishad. Its members include Lok Sabha and MLA representatives from the district, along with officials from other district-level bodies.
Municipalities
Just as Gram Panchayats manage rural areas, Municipalities handle urban areas. Large cities are organised into Municipal Corporations. Both Municipalities and Municipal Corporations are run by elected officials who represent the people. The head of a Municipality is called the Municipal Chairperson, while in a Municipal Corporation, this role is known as the Mayor.
This system of local government is one of the largest democratic experiments worldwide. It has given local governments constitutional recognition, strengthening democracy in our country and increasing women's representation and influence.
For notes on History, Geography, and Political Science for Class 10, visit CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes at BYJU’S. Stay updated with CBSE and other competitive exams by downloading the BYJU’S App and subscribing to their YouTube channel for interactive math and science videos.
Did you Know?
The 2011 census recorded more than 1,300 distinct languages which people claimed as their mother tongues.
Hindi, is the mother tongue of only about 44 percent of Indians and is the most widespread language in India.
Although the constitution did not use the word federation, the Indian Union is founded on the principles of federalism.
5 Important Topics of Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Notes Federalism
Importance of civics chapter 2 class 10 federalism notes.
Revision notes help us quickly understand and remember key concepts before exams.
They save time by focusing on essential information and skipping unnecessary details.
These notes simplify complex topics, making them easier to understand and use.
They provide practical examples that show how theoretical knowledge is used in real-life situations.
Revision notes ensure thorough preparation by covering all important topics in a structured manner.
They increase confidence by clearly understanding what to expect in exams.
Accessible formats like PDFs allow for easy studying anytime and anywhere.
Tips for Learning the Class 10 Political Science Chapter 2 Notes
Learn the basic principles of federalism and how it functions in different countries.
Understand the differences between 'coming together' and 'holding together' federations to see how various countries implement federalism.
Learn about the constitutional framework that supports federalism and how amendments are made.
Relate theoretical concepts to real-world examples and case studies to better understand the application and challenges of federalism.
Class 10 Civics Ch 2 Notes on federalism explains how power is shared between different levels of government in a country. Federalism helps manage diverse regions by distributing authority between central and state governments. It supports unity while allowing regional differences and needs to be addressed. Understanding federalism is crucial for grasping how democratic systems balance national and local interests. By thoroughly studying these notes, students can be well-prepared to answer similar questions in their exams.
Related Study Materials for Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Federalism
Chapter-wise revision notes links for class 10 civics, important study materials for class 10 civics, faqs on federalism class 10 notes: cbse civics chapter 2.
1. Describe India as a Federal Nation according to Class 10 Civics Ch 2 Notes.
India is a federal state. But the word "federation" is never mentioned in the constitution once. Instead, what is mentioned is that India is a "Union of States." Many experts also believe India is a quasi-federal country. It means that it is a federal state with certain characteristics of a unitary government.
The constitution of India has effectively established a federal state of government. We have various levels of government, the government in the centre, which is the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. Then there are the various state governments, the Vidhan Sabhas and the Vidhan Parishad. And finally, there are the Municipal Corporations and the Panchayats, which are forms of local governance.
2. How is the formation of Federations according to Federalism Class 10 Notes?
Two factors are essential for the institutions that practice federalism: mutual trust between various levels of government and a consensus to live together. There are two ways primarily through which federations have been formed.
The first way involves independent states grouping together on their own to form a larger unit. This kind of "coming together" federation is established in the USA, Switzerland, and Australia.
The second way is that a large country chooses to divide its powers between the constituent national government and the states. This kind of 'holding together' federations is implemented in the countries of India, Spain, and Belgium.
3. What is Federalism in Class 10 Chapter 2 notes?
Federalism is a form of governance in which two levels of government control the same area. Both the central government and the lesser political subdivisions have the authority to create laws, and they have some autonomy from one another. Federalism explains why each state has its own constitution and rights, such as the ability to determine the type of votes used in national elections. The United States of America is the most prominent example of a country having a Federalist political system. To know more about Federalism, refer to the notes by visiting the link NCERT notes for Class 10 Social Science .
4. What are the key features of federalism in Class 10 Chapter 2?
The key features of federalism are -
Two or more tiers of government: Federalism is a kind of governance in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent entities.
Separate jurisdiction: Different levels of government control the same people, yet each has its own jurisdiction.
Constitutional superiority
Rigid Constitution
The supreme authority of the courts: Courts have the ability to interpret the Constitution and the functions of various levels of government. The Supreme Court serves as a referee between different levels of government.
5. What makes India a federal country study rank?
The Constitution initially called for a two-tiered form of governance, with the Central Government representing the Union of India and the State Governments representing the states. Panchayats and Municipalities were later introduced as the third layer of federalism. All the significant characteristics of a federal government and their proper implementation make India a federal country. The hierarchy of the governments and the courts’ roles in maintaining law and solving disputes among these levels also play a crucial role.
6. How can I download the PDF version of Solutions of Class 10 Political Science Chapter 2?
If you wish to avail of the Notes of NCERT Class 10 Social Studies Chapter 2, then -
Visit the page-NCERT notes for Class 10 Social Science.
The webpage with Vedantu’s Notes for Class 10 Social Studies Chapter 2 will open.
To download this free of cost, click on the Download PDF button and you can view the notes offline or print out the notes to have a physical copy for your reference.
Students can visit the Vedantu website to download the notes free of cost.
7. Do I need to practice all the questions of Class 10 Social Studies Chapter 2?
Yes, it is essential to practice and answer all questions since they span a wide variety of events and concepts and will provide you with a strong knowledge of the kind of questions that may be asked in those areas from an examination point of view. These questions will also help you learn how different questions on the same topic may be set and will familiarise you with the paper. You must be well-versed in all the definitions and events.
8. What are the main features of federalism explained in Federalism Class 10 notes PDF?
Federalism includes:
Multiple levels of government.
Each level manages specific areas like legislation and taxation.
Powers are protected by the constitution.
Changes to the constitution require agreement from all levels.
Courts resolve disputes between different government levels.
Each level has its own revenue sources.
It promotes national unity and regional diversity.
9. What are the two types of federations?
The two types are:
Coming Together: Independent states unite to form a larger federation (e.g., USA, Switzerland).
Holding Together: A large country divides its powers among regional and central governments (e.g., India, Spain).
10. Why is federalism important?
Federalism helps balance power between different levels of government, ensuring that local and national needs are both addressed. It supports unity and allows for the management of diverse interests and regions.
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57 Fun End-of-Year Activities and Assignments
Wrap up the year on a happy note.
As the school year draws to a close, it’s important to plan end-of-year activities that help bring closure to your time together with students. Talk with your students about what made this year special, recall the good memories, and reflect on all you’ve learned. After all, you’ve all put in a lot of work to get to this point. Have fun with these end-of-year activities and assignments, and let the countdown begin!
1. Hold a class family circle
A family circle is a great way to wrap up a terrific year. Prepare a set of reflection questions, then allow students to take the mic and ask a friend one of the questions. Continue around the circle until every student has had a chance to answer.
Learn more: Class Family Circle
2. Solve a mystery together
Awesome for building reading comprehension skills, whodunits are also a hoot for students to solve! Students must read the clues and collaborate to solve the mystery. Try this one: Who Freed the Fish? And pretty soon your students will be tapping into their inner Sherlock.
Learn more: Class Mystery at Minds in Bloom
3. Create blackout poetry
It’s amazing what beautiful poetry can come from just about any piece of writing. All you need is a photocopied article, essay, or book excerpt and a Sharpie marker.
Learn more: Blackout Poetry at Just Add Students via YouTube
4. Let students teach
Have your students sign up to teach their classmates a 20- to 30-minute mini-lesson about something they’re passionate about. Some examples include leading the class in a game, song, or other group activity.
Learn more: Let Students Teach at Minds in Bloom
5. Hold a friendly competition
Kids love a little friendly competition, especially when it’s quick and easy. Sneak in rounds between activities and hold the finals on the last day of school. ADVERTISEMENT
Learn more: Rock, Paper, Scissors Bracket
6. Have a class “snowball fight”
Split your class into two teams facing each other. Have each student write three things about themselves and wad it into a snowball, then let the snowball fight commence! Set a time for a few minutes of “fight” time, then have students each grab a snowball and read the items listed, guessing whose paper it is.
Learn more: Snowball Fight at TeachStarter
7. Create memories that stick
Commemorate the memories that “stuck” with your students this year with this fun end-of-year activity.
Learn more: Cactus Memories
8. Serve up a scoop of memories
Here’s a sweet way to celebrate the end of the year! Make paper ice cream sundaes with a different memory on each scoop. You can have kids draw these themselves or buy a printable version at the link below.
Learn more: Ice Cream Scoop Memories
9. Post Flip farewell videos
Flip is one of our favorite classroom tools , especially when it comes to end-of-year activities. Post topics like “What did you learn this year?” or “Share your favorite memory from the past year.” Kids post their video responses and check out other students’ contributions too.
10. Create a collaborative puzzle
Give each student a piece of the puzzle and let them get creative! Suggest a theme such as best memory or most important thing I learned or I’ll never forget, etc. Students can write on their puzzle pieces. Once the puzzle is done, you can take a picture and make sure every student gets a copy.
Learn more: Collaborative Puzzle
11. Compile an end-of-year playlist
Songs are like smells—just hearing one can bring back all kinds of memories. Ask students (as a class or individually) to compile a list of songs that relate to the past school year and have them write about why each tune has a place on the list. Celebrate the last day of school by listening to songs from the playlist as you reflect on the year gone by. And while you’re at it, check out 85 Awesome Songs for Your End-of-the-Year Playlist .
Learn more: End of Year Playlist at Reading and Writing Haven
12. Fill up a memory bag
Give each student a brown paper bag, then ask them to decorate the front and add some reflections about the year on the other three panels. Then, each student adds 10 items from the year to their bag, with notes about why each is important. Finish up by having each kid lay out their items on their desk. Have a gallery walk around the room for everyone to see one another’s selections.
Learn more: Memory Bags
13. Write commencement speeches
Commencement speeches aren’t only for graduations! Finish out the year by reading or watching other great commencements speeches (the web is full of them). Then challenge students to write—and deliver, if you like—their own speeches for the year they’ve just finished.
Learn more: Commencement Speeches at 2 Peas and a Dog
14. List what they’ve learned from A to Z
What a great way to look back over what kids have learned! For each letter of the alphabet, have them write and illustrate something they learned or did throughout the year. Hit the link below to get a free printable template for this project. Learning virtually? Have students create a Google Slideshow instead.
Learn more: End of Year A to Z
15. Send thank-you notes
This is a skill every kid should learn: writing and sending thank-you notes. So why not incorporate it into your lineup of end-of-year activities? Have kids write a note to someone who made their school year special, then seal them in envelopes, address them, and deliver them by hand or mail. And while you’re at it, why not write a thank-you note to your own class ?
Learn more: Thank-You Notes at Cult of Pedagogy
16. Post best-of-the-year snapshots
Ask your students to sum up their favorite school-year memory (Science fair? Field day? Creative class presentations?) in one snapshot. Younger kids can draw pictures of the event, while older kids are likely to have a photo on their phone they’d be willing to share. Assemble them on a bulletin board—real-world or digital—with a few words from each student about what made that moment so special.
Learn more: Snapshots of Our Year
17. Count the days
Instead of counting down the days until the end, count up the days from the year behind you! Get students counting by having them use a calendar to figure out how many Mondays you’ve had this year, how many Fridays, how many P.E. days, and how many Jell-O-in-the-cafeteria days. Then work together to make a bar graph and hang it on the wall.
Learn more: End-of-Year Countdown at Teaching Made Practical
18. Let the students become the teachers
Take a break and let the students lead the class for a change. If you’re reviewing material for finals or another end-of-year test, have each student (or a group) lead the review session on a particular topic. You can also have your students create their own lesson on a topic they’re passionate about. Or have kids in one grade make and present lessons on what students in the grade below them can expect to learn the following year. There are a lot of options here, and all of them give you time to take a breather!
19. Talk behind each other’s backs (really!)
Have your students help tape a piece of lined paper to one another’s backs. Have each student get out a felt-tipped marker (not a Sharpie—it may bleed through). Set a timer and put on some favorite music. Let the students mix around the room and write a positive message on each student’s paper. For example, The best thing about you is …, What I appreciate most about you is …, I remember …, etc. After a set amount of time, have students stop, remove their papers from their backs, and enjoy reading the words of love from their classmates. (For a socially distanced spin, create a Google Slide or Padlet template for each student instead.)
20. Coast into summer
So fun! These DIY memory coasters are easy to make and give kids an end-of-year souvenir to take home. Get the free printable templates and complete instructions here.
21. Read end-of-year books
Little ones especially have a hard time with the end of a school year. Next year lots of things will be different, and that can be a sad and even scary thought for some. Read-alouds are simple but powerful end-of-year activities. Check out these 11 End-of-Year Books To Bring Your Class Closure , like The Egg by M.P. Robertson, to spark conversations about what kids have learned and what lies ahead.
22. Dream about the summer ahead
Here’s an end-of-year assignment that includes both art and writing. Have kids draw a portrait of themselves, then use the template at the link below to cut out and decorate an enormous pair of sunglasses. On the glasses, have them write about their summer plans (or the things they’d like to do).
Learn more: End-of-Year Writing
23. Raise a glass and toast your class
Students get a chance to practice public speaking in a very meaningful way with this end-of-year activity. Get a few liters of ginger ale and plastic champagne flutes from a party store, arrange your students in a circle, and have everyone say something—maybe a goal for the next school year, well-wishes for their peers, a favorite memory. After everyone has spoken, lift your glasses with a cheer and celebrate to end the school year.
24. Author a six-word memoir
This project has taken the world by storm. In six words, can you capture the essence of your school year? Kids can spend a little or a lot of time on this one, refining their words and even illustrating them. Collect them all into a slideshow (anonymous, if kids prefer) to share on the last day.
Learn more: Six-Word Memoirs
25. Take a field trip to the next grade
This is one of the most exciting end-of-year activities for students. Take them to visit the classrooms they’ll be in next year. Arrange to spend some time with the teachers, talk to the students, and hear more about what they’ll be learning. This is a good way to allay fears many kids have about moving on from a classroom where they’ve been comfortable. (You can do this as a Zoom tour and meet-and-greet too.)
Learn more: Next Year Classrooms Tour at Inspire Me ASAP!
26. Design a school seal
In this fun end-of-year activity that’s perfect for social studies, have your students design a “Great Seal” for their school. First, break them into groups to talk about what makes your school special and memorable for them. Then, have each kid (or group) create their own “seal” based on the ones used by states and cities. This project is especially meaningful for kids about to move on to another school like junior high.
Learn more: School Seals
27. Determine your “People of the Year”
Time magazine can’t have all the fun! Help your students compile a list of the “People of the Year” for your class. Include people important to your classroom (the custodian, the principal, everyone’s favorite “lunch lady”) along with classroom visitors and speakers from the year. Add in some people from current events and pop culture (the current president, a favorite musician) and even folks they studied throughout the year (Abraham Lincoln, Amelia Earhart). Try to take or draw portraits of each, and assign each student to write a brief bio of one of the people included.
28. Write letters or tips for next year’s class
Who better to advise next year’s class on what they’ll need to succeed than the kids who’ve just finished doing it? They can write letters on their own or work together to create a master list of what it takes to make it in the next grade.
Learn more: Survival Guide
29. Create science-inspired art
Ask your students to create a wall-worthy piece of art that reflects something they learned in science. Did you study plants? Maybe a watercolor of flowers. Or if you studied space, a cosmic-inspired number. Send their work home to help them remember, or collect them to create a bulletin board that will inspire next year’s class about what they’ll be learning.
30. Host an open-mic night
Encourage kids to share the writing they’ve done in (and out of) class with an open mic event. Set up a stage complete with microphone and stool—get great tips for this at the link below—then bring kids up to tell a story or recite a poem. Overcome stage fright with a cool casual vibe and plenty of snacks. Invite friends and family to attend or watch virtually via Zoom.
Learn more: Poetry Cafe
31. Compose an end-of-year continuing story
Write several story titles like “The Great Summer Adventure,” “How My Teacher Lost Her Mind,” or “My Teacher, My Hero” at the top of blank pages. Then, have each student start a story and, after five minutes, pass the story to a neighbor who will continue writing. (Do this digitally on Google Docs if you’re not able to share supplies from person to person.) Continue writing round-robin style until you have several stories to read aloud to the class.
32. Publish a year-end newspaper
You can do this one as a group or individually. Create a basic newspaper template and have the class fill in the front page news. Recap the year, offer advice, illustrate favorite memories, and more. Then, pass these on to the grade below to give them an idea of what lies ahead.
Learn more: Class Newspaper
33. Perform a high school (or middle or elementary school) musical number
Break your students into groups and have them create (and perform) musical numbers commemorating the year. They can write new words to existing tunes, choreograph a lip-synch performance to an inspiring or memorable song, or even come up with something entirely new. Invite parents or other classes to a final-day performance, in person or online.
34. Assemble a Book Hall of Fame
Have each student write (or draw) a reflection on the best book they read during the year. Then, save their reflections and post them on a bulletin board or Padlet so that next year’s students can glean reading ideas.
Source: Book Hall of Fame
35. Play end-of-year charades
Looking for game-based end-of-year activities? Play charades! Have each student write out one memorable moment from the school year on a slip of paper. Collect all the slips in a bag, hat, or the like. Divide kids into teams and have them come up one team at a time, choose a slip, and act out the memory for the group. No need to keep score—the goal is just to relive all the happy memories from the year.
36. Start a school graffiti wall
Choose a wall in your school or classroom and encourage kids to sign their names and date with a quote or other memory. Use permanent markers or small paintbrushes. Each year, photograph the wall and then paint over it to start anew. If you have enough space, these walls can last longer and only be painted over every so many years, creating much more enduring memories. No wall room? Try a bulletin board or large sheet of paper instead.
Learn more: Graffiti Wall
37. Hold a “Stuff You Should Know” event
Take a day or a week to pass on important things you want your kids to know as they move on in life without you. Share poems, songs, TED Talks, quotes, books, and tips that you think will help them along the way. Don’t forget to include simple life lessons (registering and preparing to vote, protecting yourself online, how to behave on an elevator) that school usually doesn’t teach you. Learn more about this end-of-year activity here.
38. Print up a growing tree
Capture each student’s fingerprint as a tree leaf. Label them with their names, then hang them in your room from year to year so kids can see who’s come before them.
Source: End-of-Year Fingerprint Tree
39. Build a portfolio showcase
Throughout the year, have students save their best work in a folder or box. At the end of the year, each student chooses their favorite items to display in a portfolio like a binder or display board. Invite parents and friends to come to view everyone’s achievements.
40. Put together time capsules
Time capsules are classic end-of-year activities. Students will have so much fun assembling time capsules to be opened someday in the future. These can be as simple as a plastic water bottle filled with written memories or a shoebox stuffed with items to represent what kids did and learned over the school year.
Learn more: Class Time Capsule
41. Draw a school-year timeline
Classroom walls can start to look empty at the end of the year as you take things down to prepare for summer. Temporarily fill in the space with a long strip of butcher paper, then have kids create a timeline of the year. Break it down by month, then ask kids what they remember. Prompt their memories by having them look over their work (what a fun way to review!), and don’t forget to include events, speakers, and holiday celebrations.
42. Fill out an end-of-year roundup
Sometimes you just need a quick activity that doesn’t take a lot of prep, and that’s where this free printable comes in. Personalize it by taking and printing a photo of each student, or have them draw their own portrait in the space provided.
Learn more: End-of-the-Year Roundup
43. Go outside!
Build in time to celebrate the end of the year with some fun outdoor activities. Rotate teams for each activity so your students get a chance to mingle with all of their classmates. Here are 25 Clever Outdoor Games to choose from.
44. Put on a show
This is a fun end-of-year activity that could be presented to parents, a younger class, your whole school, or just for your own class. Students can perform skits, dramatic readings, act out a story, showcase a talent, or read a favorite piece from a book they read.
45. Create an end-of-year ABC book
You use them for novel studies, so why not create an ABC book for highlights of the school year? For each letter, students come up with one memorable event or lesson, write a few sentences, and draw a picture. Think of it as a literacy lesson/memory book activity.
Learn more: ABC Booklet
46. Hold a book museum walk
One of our favorite end-of-year activities is a book museum walk. Students choose one of their favorite books and create a poster, diorama, trifold, or even dress up as a character. They can work on their projects at home or at school, and their project should provide a sneak peek or trailer of the book. When the students are ready to present, invite another class or grade level in to view the “museum.”
Learn more: Museum Walk With Favorite Books at Teaching With Jennifer Findley
47. Create your own iPads
End-of-year activities can help wrap up subject matters like geography. For this fun assignment, have your students research different symbols that represent something unique about your state. Each symbol they discover will become an app for their homemade iPad. Have them draw the symbols on the outside of each app, and then write a brief summary about the symbols on the inside.
Learn more: Geography iPad apps
48. Go on a virtual field trip
Traditionally, one of the classic school end-of-year activities was field trips. But sometimes budgets don’t cooperate, so why not take it virtual? They’re fun and easy, and no permission slips, chaperones, or packed lunches are needed! Check out our favorite Amazing Educational Virtual Field Trips .
49. Pump up the school spirit
From dress-up days and community-building activities to outreach and volunteer projects, Spirit Week activities are a great way to end the year on a high note. Check out our massive list of School Spirit Week Ideas .
50. Story writing
Have each student start a story and then leave it on their desk. At your signal, have students rotate to the next desk, and give them a minute to read the story there and then add to the story. Keep rotating, giving students the chance to add to as many stories as you have time for. Let students know when you’re on your last rotation so they can wrap the story up.
51. Make a wearable keepsake
Mark your time together by making fun tie-dyed bandannas or decorating T-shirts with everyone’s signature or handprint. Or try making friendship bracelets or necklaces. Every time your students wear one of these items, they’ll fondly remember your year together.
Learn more: How To Tie-Dye Shirts With Kids
52. Set up a photo booth
Photo booths are a great way to start the school year, but they’re also terrific for the last days of the year. Help kids capture memories with their friends before they part for the summer.
Learn more: Photo Booth
53. Plan a dream vacation
Kids are already dreaming of how they’ll fill the summer hours, so this last-minute math activity will be pure fun! Give kids a budget (say, $2,500), then send them off to research whether their dream trip can be accomplished. Make sure they include airfare or gas money, lodgings, food, spending money, and all the incidentals that add up when you travel.
54. Host a book tasting
Expand your readers’ palates with a book tasting and set them up for summer reading. A book tasting gives students the opportunity to sample some juicy reads in a short period of time and come away with a wish list of titles.
Learn more: Book Tasting
55. Create a summer bucket list
Provide kids with lots of options, then have them compile their own bucket lists for the summer days ahead. In addition to fun items, encourage them to add ways to help others or learn something new too.
Learn more: Bucket List
56. Focus on kindness
Add a Random Acts of Kindness Challenge to your lineup of end-of-year activities and make it all the way to the finish line with good vibes. To get started, check out Random Acts of Kindness: 30 Activities for Elementary Students from American Montessori Society
57. See who knows you best
Challenge your kiddos to show who knows you best. Record your students’ answers on chart paper with markers or use Google Slides. It’s amazing how much kids pick up on our likes and dislikes!
Learn more: Who Knows Teacher Best
What are your favorite end-of-year activities? Come and share in our We Are Teachers HELPLINE group on Facebook.
Plus, check out end-of-year student gifts that won’t break the bank .
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The sushi that Mr. Ono creates is so good that famous people from all over the world fly in to enjoy their $300 sushi dinner—often booked several months in advance.
Barack Obama even stated , “I was born in Hawaii and ate a lot of sushi, but this was the best sushi I’ve ever had in my life.”
So here’s the simple secret of all experts in their field:
To become the best version of yourself, you have to know your purpose.
Let’s dive into how you can begin to find your purpose. Think of what you are putting most of your effort into right now . For most people, that thing is their job. In fact, we spend an average of over 13 years of our life working. So, say after… 5, 10, 15 years of doing your job over and over again, you finally become the BEST at what you’re doing.
Ask yourself: would you be satisfied? Is that the absolute best version of yourself?
Now, I’m not saying you need to quit your job to become a painter or astronaut. No, sometimes our job is not our purpose. Sometimes we just need to put bread on the table.
But what I am saying is that instead of hard work, sometimes we need to step outside the box.
Think: what do you want to become the best at? Being the best doesn’t have to be about fame or power.
Be the best parent.
Be the best employee.
Be the best leader .
Be the best lover.
Don’t just be.
Be the best.
The Best Version of Yourself Exercise:
Think about your goal. What is it that you truly want to be the best at? Write it down: ________________________
If you’re having trouble thinking of what you’re good at, there’s a nifty exercise that you might find helpful —that can be taken in just a few minutes—in my article on how to find your calling .
Or, you can watch my video below!
Embrace Fear of Failure
The next step is to realize you might not make it . Yup, really.
Fear of failure is common for those who want to be the best version of themselves. And that’s a good thing. Asking…
- “ What if I can’t make it?”
- “What if I waste my time?”
- “What if I fail?”
Studies even suggest that roughly 75% of entrepreneurial ventures fail within 10 years. So does that mean you should just give up? Quite the opposite, really. The people at the top are the ones that take fear and learn to live with that fear.
What is fear of failure? Fear of failure is a mental and emotional awareness that success may not be possible. Too much fear of failure can hinder success and accomplishment, while too little fear of failure may not motivate you enough.
In fact, being a little fearful can actually make you achieve your goals more . That’s why Dr. Beecham suggests that we should have dreams that we think have only a 60% chance of success—not 100%.
That other 40%? The 40% that says, “If I fail, then everything I ever worked for will be for nothing?” That fear is the exact thing you need to really get you going.
Here’s the thing: fear gets your full attention. When you are running from a pack of wild dogs, you will be 100% present in the moment .
Fear gives you the motivation to achieve your goals.
And goals that are not frightening are not worth having. Think about your goals and dreams. Are they big enough? What are the chances you will achieve them? Do you have the emotional intelligence required to embrace fear and move forward?
- Do your goals make you a little afraid?
- If you are 100% sure you can achieve them, then they are too easy. Aim for 60/40!
If you need to, you can dive into some scientific ways to learn how to set goals , and set them so that the chance of you succeeding is only 60%.
And have you ever heard the phrase “fear is the killer of success”? True, too much fear can stop you from succeeding. But they forgot to mention one important thing:
Fear is the killer of success… but mind wandering is the killer of dreams.
Leverage the Power of Micro-Habits
Ever heard the phrase “Rome wasn’t built in a day”? Well, neither is the best version of yourself! But here’s the secret sauce: micro-habits.
Micro-habits are tiny, almost effortless actions that, when repeated consistently, lead to significant changes over time. They’re so small that your brain doesn’t put up a fight, making them easy to stick to.
Here’s the science behind it: One study found that it takes an average of 66 days for a new behavior to become automatic. But here’s the kicker—the complexity of the habit matters. Smaller, simpler habits are easier to form and maintain.
So, how do you harness the power of micro-habits?
- Start ridiculously small: Want to read more? Start with one page a day. Aiming to exercise? Begin with one push-up (or knee-up).
- Piggyback on existing habits: Attach your new micro-habit to something you already do daily. For example, do a one-minute meditation while your coffee brews.
- Celebrate mini-wins: Did your one push-up today? Great! Pat yourself on the back. This positive reinforcement helps cement the habit.
- Gradually increase: Once your micro-habit feels effortless, slowly ramp it up. One push-up becomes two, then five, then ten.
- Be consistent: Remember, it’s not about intensity, it’s about consistency. Doing something small every day trumps doing something big once in a while.
Action Step: Choose one area of your life you want to improve. Now, think of the smallest possible action you can take daily towards that goal. Write it down and commit to doing it every day for the next week. Remember, it should be so small that it feels almost laughably easy!
Pro Tip: Get a calendar (or find an app) and put an X on each day you complete your micro-habit. As the chain of X’s grows, you’ll be more motivated to keep it going!
Control Your Mind
Now I spend a couple hours a week tending to my garden. In fact, I just planted pomegranate, fig, and mandarin orange trees with my husband!
But some people may dread having to get dirty and plant seeds—not to mention all the watering, mulching, and composting it takes. But to me, gardening is a time where I am relaxed and focused 100%.
And that’s great, considering a study of 2,250 people found that we are mentally checked-out almost half of our conscious time. According to the study by Daniel Gilbert, author of Stumbling on Happiness , 46.9% of the time we are not focused on the outside world or what we are doing.
Instead, we are spending our time looking into our own thoughts. This phenomenon is known as mind wandering.
Mind wandering is why some people’s “counting pennies” can be hell on earth, while for others this can be the next best thing to sliced cheese. When we mind wander, we aimlessly pursue our goals and fail to question exactly how far we are going or what is stopping us from becoming our best selves.
And here’s the most surprising part about mind wandering: people are not happy when they are mind wandering.
That means that for almost half the time you are conscious , you are also unhappy. Think about that for a moment.
When we mind wander, we live our life on autopilot and set our goals based on what others have already achieved. We think:
- “Bob at the office only had $5,000 in sales, so I can’t possibly do any better.”
- Or, “This invention has never been done before, so it’s probably not even possible.”
Ask yourself: what have you been told is not possible about your dreams? And more importantly…
What have you accepted as something you cannot accomplish?
Think about it this way: have you ever heard the story of the elephant and the rope?
Here’s the gist of the story:
- There was a man who was passing by some elephants. Suddenly, he stopped.
- He saw that there were elephants that were tied to trees. But the man saw these giant creatures were only tied by a simple small rope.
- He asked the elephant owner why they are tied there.
- The elephant owner responded, “When the elephants are very young, they are tied using a small rope. And it is enough to hold them there. But when they get older, they become conditioned to believe they cannot break free. So they never do.”
If you accept your circumstances as they are, you are the elephant tied to the rope. More than anything else, learning your accepted beliefs is a great opportunity to “reinvent” yourself (we’ll talk about how to change your beliefs in the next step).
Beecham even says that being conscious is one of the most important differentiators between top performers and stragglers:
“Elite competitors make it their business to understand and manage their unconscious mind by mastering the conscious thoughts and behavior.” — Beecham
- What beliefs have you been mind wandering about?
- Who has told you that you can’t achieve your goals? Do you believe them?
- What mental limitations do you feel you have? Are they really true?
Pro Tip: Want to control how others feel about you? Try this resource:
Become More Influential
Want to become an influential master? Learn these 5 laws to level up your skills.
Harness Your Systems
On May 1 st , 2010 an athlete named Galen Rupp announced he was poised to break the American Record for fastest man during the 10,000 meter race.
Not only did he break the record that night… but his competitor, Chris Solinsky, also broke the record. If that wasn’t enough, a man named Simon Bairu broke yet another record that night—the Canadian record!
So why did all of these men break records and set their personal bests… all on one night ?
Because the moment Galen Rupp announced he could break the record… breaking the record finally became a possibility.
Great people think bigger.
More specifically, these record breakers were forced to use the part of their brain that snapped them out of mind wandering . Professor Daniel Kahneman, author of Thinking, Fast and Slow , calls this part of our brain “System 2.”
What is System 2? System 2 is a way of thinking that is slow, deliberate, and thoughtful. It is used when making tough decisions or thinking “out of the box.” It is opposite from System 1, which is dictated by automatic and fast ways of thinking.
When we use the System 2 part of our brain, we instantly become more creative and challenge old ways of thinking.
- Use it to turn a fun little hobby into a career.
- Use it to turn your business idea into a reality.
- Use it to dream bigger dreams.
Using System 2 is that powerful . And the simple part is you can use it anywhere you want.
“But how do I use System 2?”
System 2 requires one thing and one thing only… undivided attention. Yes, it’s that simple . But here’s the thing: most people don’t give their dreams and goals their undivided attention.
They are too busy snacking on Cheetos and playing Xbox while planning up their dreams.
So what’s possible for you? How fast do you think you can run? How high can you jump? How far can you take your dreams? Give your 100% undivided attention to this answer, and don’t let false beliefs cloud your judgment of what you can accomplish.
Because the answer to this question will define the boundaries of your success.
Remember: the more you think is possible… the more that becomes possible.
- Take your previous goal(s). If you had to make it bigger, how would it change? _________________
- Now make it even bigger . 10 times bigger. 100 times. Is that possible? How does it make you feel? __________________
So how do we harness the power of System 2 to make our goals a reality? Well, it might start with a little bit of luck…
Expect Luck
Now it’s time to question your unconscious expectations. Top performers believe they are lucky—they believe in the power of possibilities. And this belief radically changes their success.
Why? Their expectation of luck changes their behavior and how they see opportunities. In a study by UCLA and Columbia University , researchers found that our beliefs about luck fall into one of two categories: stable or fleeting.
- People who believe in a stable form of luck believe that we are either lucky or unlucky.
- People who believe in a fleeting type of luck believe that luck comes and goes, and is often unpredictable.
So why does this matter?
It turns out that the people with a stable form of luck had a significantly higher drive to succeed than the people who saw luck as fleeting.
Believing in luck makes you succeed.
That’s because the stable luck believers felt that luck was in their control , and used that belief to their advantage. The people who saw luck as simply fleeting didn’t care about luck—why believe in it if it’s a random occurrence?
So, I can assure you—if you believe you are lucky, good things will happen.
- Do you think you are lucky? What kind of luck do you have?
- Think of all the reasons you ARE lucky. List them out and post them somewhere you can see them and be reminded of your luck.
Okay, you might be wondering… “ Am I doomed to failure if I don’t believe in luck?”
You see, you WOULD be… if luck was the only thing that influences your performance ( hint: it’s not ). Along with luck, there’s an even more important factor…
Use Productive Procrastination
Wait, what? Procrastination can be productive? You bet! Productive procrastination is the art of delaying one task by working on something else that’s also important.
In a 2016 TED talk, organizational psychologist Adam Grant discussed the optimal timing for completing a project, which lies between rushing to finish it immediately and delaying it until the last possible moment:
Grant’s research demonstrated that when people begin a task but are then redirected to another activity, they experience a delay in completing the initial assignment.
He explained that this period of procrastination allows the task to remain subconsciously active, fostering creativity. “Procrastination gives you time to consider divergent ideas, learn and reflect on setbacks, and then incorporate those lessons into your final work,” he said.
So, how can you harness the power of productive procrastination?
- Create a “Procrastination List”: Write down tasks you can productively procrastinate on. These should be important but not urgent tasks that you can dive into when you’re avoiding something else.
- Use the “Two-Minute Rule”: If a task on your procrastination list takes less than two minutes, do it immediately. This gives you a sense of accomplishment and builds momentum.
- Practice “Structured Procrastination”: Arrange your to-do list so that your most important tasks are at the top, but fill the rest with other meaningful tasks. When you avoid the top tasks, you’ll naturally gravitate towards the other important items.
- Set a “Procrastination Timer”: Allow yourself a set amount of time to procrastinate productively. Once the timer goes off, return to your primary task with renewed focus.
- Use the “Zeigarnik Effect”: Start a task and then intentionally leave it unfinished. Our brains have a tendency to remember uncompleted tasks better, which might motivate you to return to it later with fresh ideas.
Action Step: Next time you find yourself procrastinating, don’t fight it. Instead, pull out your “Procrastination List” and tackle one of those tasks. Set a timer for 25 minutes and see how much you can accomplish. You might be surprised at how productive your procrastination can be!
Pro Tip: Want to accomplish more as well? Check out our article on achieving goals: SMART Goals: 5 Tips for Successful Goal Setting
Assimilate Your Expectations
Here’s a story you will probably be able to relate to… and which also happens to be one of my favorite stories in Beecham’s entire book:
- Beecham’s daughter was about to run a track race with her school team.
- The morning of the race, Beecham handed his daughter some new athletic socks and told her, “Try these new socks. I bet you run at least a minute faster than you normally do if you wear the socks, and your legs will feel lighter and fresher.”
When Beecham said that, he officially primed his daughter to win. And the result of the race?
She went on to run the fastest race of her life.
When her expectations were primed, she broke a 19-minute barrier in a 5K cross country event for the first time ever.
So whether you believe if this was luck or not, science says it doesn’t really matter . What really matters is your expectation about the outcome.
It isn’t luck that determines your success—it’s expectation. – Dr. Beecham
In fact, there is a name for this type of expectation-phenomenon. It’s called the Pygmalion effect .
What is the Pygmalion effect? The Pygmalion effect, or Rosenthal effect, is a phenomenon in which other people’s expectations about someone changes their behavior and performance.
Let’s take a look back into the past, at the first-ever study that looked specifically at expectations. In the 1960s, a Harvard psychologist named Robert Rosenthal conducted a study to determine whether teacher expectations would influence a student’s performance in the classroom:
- Rosenthal told teachers that certain students in the classroom were expected to be high achievers based on a specialized Harvard test that they took.
- The catch? These high achieving students were chosen completely at random, and were not smarter / more special / more talented than other students.
Here’s the amazing result… These “high achieving” students actually had much better academic performance than their peers! All because of expectations.
Expectations cannot be avoided, they can only be changed.
So if you’re wondering, “How do I become a better version of myself?”
Well, you don’t have to believe in luck… Rather, try believing in expectations.
As Beecham’s daughter and Rosenthal’s study showed, great expectations about us can really push us to succeed—especially if the other person is an influential figure in our life.
Now it’s your turn…
- What positive expectations do others have on you? From whom do they come from? Which ones are holding you back from becoming the best version of yourself?
- What do you expect from yourself? How can you make your expectations align with your goals?
Bonus: A lot of our expectations come from our friends. Learn how to make great friends as an adult and avoid toxic ones to change others’ expectations about you.
Avoid Mental Handicapping
While positive expectations can increase our success, negative expectations can harm it. This is called a nocebo.
What is a nocebo? A nocebo is a believed negative effect from an expectation about us. The expectation can come from ourselves or from others around us. Nocebo is a term coined in 1961 by Walter Kennedy, which in Latin means “I will harm.”
Harvard published an article on various medical experiments that showed exactly how powerful the nocebo is:
- Volunteers were told that an electrical current would pass through their heads and may cause a headache. Two-thirds of the volunteers developed a headache , despite no actual electrical current being passed.
- Volunteers who had allergies were given an injection and told it contained a food they were allergic to.The injection was only salt water, but it produced allergic symptoms in many of them.
- Patients with asthma were given a bronchodilator (which helps with asthma symptoms) but were told it was a bronchoconstrictor instead (which makes symptoms worse). The nocebo suggestion reduced the drug’s effectiveness by nearly 50%.
And it’s not just in the medical field that makes nocebos so harmful. We are exposed to nocebos everyday—how many times do people tell us we just can’t do things , and we believe them?
Here’s the key takeaway: if you believe something will have a negative effect, it probably will. Having an elite mind isn’t just about raising your expectations. It’s also about eliminating the harmful ones.
Take a moment to try to identify your nocebos:
- Do you see your failures and mistakes as one-time events or patterns?
- What is your greatest weakness? Is it permanent?
- What’s holding you back? What are you doing about it?
Remember: Increased self-awareness leads to improved performance. While your competitors are avoiding them and pretending they don’t exist, be exceptional… seek out difficult emotional beliefs and put an end to them for your own sake.
Embrace “Productive Paranoia”
No, we’re not talking about looking over your shoulder or wearing a tinfoil hat. “Productive paranoia” is a concept coined by business researcher Jim Collins , and it’s all about channeling anxiety into preparation and progress.
Here’s how to practice productive paranoia:
- Identify Your Worries: Make a list of your biggest concerns about your goals or future.
- Create “What If” Scenarios : For each worry, imagine the worst-case scenario. Don’t hold back!
- Develop Contingency Plans: For each scenario, create a detailed action plan. What would you do if it actually happened?
- Turn Worries into To-Dos: Transform your contingency plans into actionable steps you can take now.
- Celebrate Your Preparation: Each time you complete a “paranoia-inspired” task, acknowledge how it’s making you more resilient.
Real-life example: Andy Grove, former CEO of Intel, used productive paranoia to keep the
Pro Tip: Create a “Paranoia Hour” in your weekly schedule. Use this time to review potential challenges and update your preparation plans. This contained approach prevents worry from
Hustle, Don’t Excuse
What kind of person are you? Here’s a scenario:
- You have an important meeting to present today.
- You work on your presentation all night, but you are not 100% done yet.
- You decide to sleep early, and wing the rest of the presentation.
- The presentation flops.
What excuse do you make? Do you choose to:
- Ask yourself, “How could I make this better in the future?” or…
- Say to yourself, “It’s not my fault. There’s nothing I could do about it.”
If you chose the second option, science has some bad news for you.
In a study published in the Journal of Psychology , researchers found that 72% of college students admitted to making fraudulent excuses. That’s not very surprising.
But, what is surprising is that they found a direct correlation between fraudulent excuses and lower grade point average!
In other words…
If you make excuses, your success will suffer.
Read that again and let it sink in.
What excuses are you making for your failures?
- If you aren’t attractive , do you tell yourself it’s just genetics? Or do you work hard to dress better, eat healthier, and go to the gym?
- If you aren’t charismatic , do you tell yourself you aren’t leadership material? Or do you work on your public speaking skills and learn how to be funnier ?
- If you don’t have a job you love , do you accept this as reality? Or do you spruce up your LinkedIn and get good at video calls to find the perfect job?
The Gyoja monks achieve the seemingly impossible because they get rid of excuses and double down:
- They commit.
- They have a clear goal.
Great achievers hustle and don’t tolerate excuses. In the words of Abraham Lincoln:
“Things may come to those who wait, but only the things left by those who hustle.” — Abraham Lincoln
Get Comfortable With Uncomfortable
Deliberate discomfort is the practice of intentionally putting yourself in challenging situations to accelerate your growth and improvement. It’s based on the concept of hormesis —the biological phenomenon where a beneficial effect results from exposure to low doses of an agent that is otherwise toxic or lethal when given at higher doses.
So how can you apply deliberate discomfort to become better at, well, anything?
- Identify Your Comfort Zone: List out the aspects of your skill or area of improvement where you feel most comfortable.
- Create Discomfort Challenges: For each comfort area, design a specific challenge that pushes you just beyond your current capabilities. Read on for more inspiration: 50+ Best Ways You Can Step Out of Your Comfort Zone
- Set a Discomfort Schedule: Dedicate specific times to practice these challenges. Start with once a week and gradually increase.
- Use the “Plus One” Technique: Always perform one more rep, one more minute, or one more try than feels comfortable.
- Embrace the Suck: When you feel like quitting, that’s where the real growth happens. Push through for just 5 more minutes.
Reminder: Be careful to not overdo it. Give yourself plenty of rest and grace, and never feel bad about not being able to check something off your list.
Be Great, Not Perfect
Every top performer in the history of anything has had a bad day.
- SpaceX failed a rocket’s pre-launch test in 2016, resulting in a massive explosion and what Elon Musk described as “the most difficult and complex failure we have ever had in 14 years.”
- Famous bodybuilder, Dorian Yates, trained all year long for a competition, only to suffer a major triceps injury that could have put him in early retirement.
- Vincent Van Gogh constantly struggled with poverty and only sold one painting during his lifetime.
Here’s the deal: top performers don’t do things perfectly. They do things purposefully.
Perfect is just an excuse in a glittery costume. We can strive to obtain it, but it’s just silly to try to achieve it. And it’s no surprise that there are a ton of studies that point to perfectionism being correlated with mental health problems.
Remember, no matter who you are or how successful you have become…
You will have bad days, you will make mistakes, and you will have hurdles.
So what do you focus on instead of perfection? Beecham found that elite minds shift the focus from perfect to learning.
Even if you feel like your life today is so far away from who you want to become, the important part to remember is to ask yourself this question every single day :
Was that the best I could do?
Don’t strive for perfection, but strive to do the best you can. And then do more. Even if you strive to do 1% better every day, you will be 100% better in just over 3 months.
Think about it this way: if you look at where you are now and where you want to be, it can look like it’s unobtainable.
It’s only when you take things one step at a time that progress actually starts to happen—slowly, but surely. Nothing is perfect, but adopt this one-day-at-a-time mentality, and I can guarantee you will see success.
- Make a list of your failures and here’s the important part: save them. I save mine in what I call my “Failure File.”
- Review your failures. Learn from them.
- Honor your failures, because they make you who you are.
Oh, and those bad days we talked about earlier?
- SpaceX successfully landed 28 times after that incident. Now it’s primed to be the leading company to launch humans to Mars .
- Dorian Yates went on to win the Mr. Olympia title 3 weeks later.
- Now Vincent Van Gogh is a household name. And his most expensive painting, Portrait of Dr. Gachet, sold for $148.6 million. If only he were alive to see his success.
Absolutely! Here’s another unique and useful tip for becoming the best version of yourself:
Create Your Alter Ego
An alter ego is an alternative self—a version of you with all the qualities you aspire to have. It’s not about pretending to be someone else, but rather accessing a part of yourself that already exists but might be hidden.
Todd Herman, author of “ The Alter Ego Effect ” says, “It’s not about becoming someone else. It’s about becoming more of yourself.”
For example, Beyoncé created her alter ego “Sasha Fierce” to overcome stage fright and perform with more confidence. She would put on her stage costume and literally become a different, more confident version of herself.
In fact, studies show that referring to yourself from a distance by using third-person (ie. “Jeff feels nervous”) instead of first-person helps reduce anxiety.
So, how do you create and use an alter ego effectively?
- Identify Your Ideal Self: What qualities does your best self possess? Write them down in detail.
- Name Your Alter Ego: Give this version of yourself a name. This helps create a psychological separation between your current self and your ideal self. You can also use a superhero or person you respect to help embody that image.
- Create a Trigger: Choose a physical item or action that helps you “transform” into your alter ego. It could be wearing a specific accessory or striking a power pose.
- Practice Embodiment: Regularly spend time embodying your alter ego. How would they walk, talk, and approach challenges?
- Deploy Strategically: Use your alter ego in specific situations where you need their strengths the most.
Action Step: Take a moment to imagine your ideal self. What would they be like? How would they handle challenges? Give this version of you a name and decide on a physical trigger to “activate” them. Next time you’re facing a challenging situation, use your trigger and step into your alter ego.
Reframe Your Competition
You know as well as I do, competition makes people achieve more.
Competitors can help you. They can fuel you. And they can inspire you.
Take, for example, competitive racing. Have you ever wondered what’s the best starting lane for runners on a track? Is it the 1st lane, where you start at the very end and can see all the other runners? Or is it the 8th lane, where you start at the very beginning and see nobody?
While it depends on the athlete, it’s a general consensus that nobody wants to be in the 8th lane. Why is that?
Because as the leader of the race, you are literally competing for yourself.
When there is no competition, the only person to compare yourself with is you.
One of the best lanes to race on is the middle lane, or what is known as the marquee position . In this lane, a runner can see his opponents and chase them down throughout the race.
In other words, a great competitor raises your expectations, shatters your idea of what is possible, and sets the bar higher.
Being a top performer means that you use your competitors to help you run faster, not to hinder you.
Think of all the competitors you have. Reframe your competitors so that you see them as “competitive markers.” The person in front of you is simply showing you what is possible. They are saying, “You can do this, or even become better!”
And remember… your competitors are afraid, too. No one is better or faster than you—only less afraid.
The Best Version of Yourself is Now
Remember, even if you see yourself as not the best version of yourself you can be right now, focus on being the best person you can be in this very moment!
Here are some key takeaways:
- If you’re unsatisfied and want to improve, there’s hope, as evidenced by my own transformation from being voted most awkward in my class to writing a book, giving a TED talk, and hosting a course.
- To become your best, you need to understand that elite performers excel not because of physical skills but because of their mental control.
- Knowing your purpose is essential; it’s the driving force behind becoming the best version of yourself, whether in your career, relationships, or personal development.
- Embracing the fear of failure is crucial, as it motivates you to pursue ambitious goals that truly challenge you and lead to growth.
- Practicing deliberate discomfort and productive procrastination helps you overcome mental limitations and fosters creativity and resilience.
It is my mission in life and here at Science of People to help you achieve your goals faster. Here is another great resources to help you learn how to become the best version of yourself: Use These 15 Science Backed Leadership Skills Today
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Report Writing
Report generator.
You don’t necessarily have to have great writing skills when you’re writing a report. You just need to know some basic techniques and guidelines along the way to make a truly compelling one.
Furthermore, it is essential and utmost practical to learn and practice business writing when it comes to making reports . It is best to start practicing and writing your reports, so in the long run it won’t be overwhelming for you. You may refer to the examples below for writing a report.
What is Report Writing? Report writing is a structured and formal method of writing, aimed at conveying information or findings in a clear, concise, and factual manner. It typically involves presenting research, analysis, or findings on a specific topic, often for business, scientific, or academic purposes. Reports are characterized by their organized format, including sections such as introduction, methodology, results, and conclusion, and are designed to be easily navigable and comprehensible for the intended audience.
Structure/Format of Report Writing
Title of the report. Your name or the name of the author. Date of submission. Any relevant organizational or departmental information.
Executive Summary
A brief overview of the report’s main points, findings, and recommendations. Usually, this section is written last but placed at the beginning.
Table of Contents
A list of report sections and their page numbers for easy navigation.
Introduction
Clearly state the purpose and scope of the report. Provide background information and context.
Methodology (if applicable)
Describe the research methods, data sources, and tools used to gather information.
Findings/Results
Present the main data, facts, or findings in a structured and organized manner. Use headings, subheadings, and visuals like charts and tables to enhance clarity.
Interpret the data and explain its significance. Discuss trends, patterns, or relationships observed in the findings.
Summarizes the main points of the report and the findings. It may also restate the purpose or objective.
The Best Example of Report Writing
Title: Market Research Report – Consumer Preferences for Mobile Phones Introduction: This report presents the findings of a market research study conducted to understand consumer preferences for mobile phones in the fictitious market of “Techville.” Methodology: We conducted a survey of 500 Techville residents, using both online and in-person questionnaires. The survey included questions about brand preferences, desired features, and price sensitivity. Findings: 1. Brand Preferences: 40% of respondents favored Brand A. 30% preferred Brand B. 20% had no specific brand preference. 10% liked other brands. 2. Desired Features: 60% of participants emphasized camera quality. 25% considered battery life a top priority. 15% prioritized processing speed. 3. Price Sensitivity: 70% of respondents were willing to pay up to $500 for a mobile phone. 20% were willing to spend between $500 and $800. 10% indicated a budget of over $800. Analysis: The results indicate a strong preference for Brand A, likely due to its reputation for camera quality. The demand for longer battery life and affordability in the $500 price range is significant. Conclusion: Consumers in Techville exhibit a clear brand preference and prioritize camera quality, battery life, and affordability when choosing mobile phones. Recommendations for manufacturers include improving camera features and offering budget-friendly options.
Short Report Writing
Title: Quarterly Sales Performance Report Q1 2024 Title Page Report Title: Quarterly Sales Performance Report Q1 2024 Prepared for: XYZ Company Prepared by: Sales Analysis Team Date: April 10, 2024 Executive Summary: A concise overview highlighting the key findings of the sales performance in the first quarter of 2024, showing a 15% increase in sales compared to Q1 of the previous year, with a significant growth in online sales channels. Introduction: Brief introduction to the report, outlining its purpose – to analyze sales performance in Q1 2024 and compare it with Q1 2023. Findings: Overall Sales: Total sales revenue increased by 15% compared to Q1 2023. Highest-selling products were A and B. Sales Channels: Online sales grew by 25%, contributing to 60% of total sales. In-store sales saw a modest growth of 5%. Regional Performance: Region X recorded the highest sales growth (20%). Regions Y and Z showed steady performance. Conclusion: The first quarter of 2024 showed a robust increase in sales, driven primarily by a significant uptick in online sales and strong performance in Region X.
Report Writing for Students
Topic: “The Impact of Online Learning on Student Performance” Executive Summary The report aims to analyze the effects of online learning on student performance. It focuses on academic achievements, student engagement, and adaptability to online platforms. Introduction This report investigates the impact of online learning, which has become increasingly prevalent due to recent global changes. The main objective is to understand how online learning affects students’ academic performance. Methodology Data was collected through surveys and interviews from a sample of 200 high school students. The study also analyzed academic records from the past two academic years. Findings Academic Performance: 60% of students showed improved grades, indicating a positive impact of online learning on academic achievements. Engagement: There was a 30% increase in student engagement in online activities and discussions. Adaptability: Approximately 70% of the students found it easy to adapt to online learning platforms. Analysis The findings suggest that online learning has a significant positive impact on student performance. Enhanced engagement and adaptability to digital platforms contribute to this improvement. Conclusion Online learning has proven to be effective in enhancing student performance. Its flexibility and accessibility play a key role in this success.
How Do You Write a Work Report Example?
[Your Name] [Your Position] [Your Department] [Your Organization] [Date] Title: Monthly Sales Performance Report – October 2023 Executive Summary: This report provides an overview of the sales performance for the month of October 2023, including key achievements, challenges, and recommendations for improvement. Key Achievements: Total sales revenue for October: $500,000, surpassing the target of $450,000. Sales team achieved a 15% growth in the Southeast region. Successful launch of a new product, contributing $50,000 in revenue. Challenges Faced: Increased competition in the Southwest region resulted in a 5% decline in sales. Delays in product shipments from the supplier affected inventory levels. Customer complaints regarding product quality and delivery times increased by 10%. Sales Team Performance: Sales team members achieved their individual sales targets, with an average of 110% attainment. The top-performing sales representative for the month was [Name], exceeding their target by 20%. Recommendations: Address quality and delivery issues to improve customer satisfaction. Implement a proactive inventory management system to avoid future supply chain disruptions. Introduce sales training on objection handling and customer relationship management to enhance performance. Conclusion: October 2023 saw remarkable sales growth and some notable challenges. Addressing these issues and building on our achievements will be essential for sustaining our positive momentum.
Report Writing Topics with Samples
- Report on an Event
- Report on Independence Day
- Report on Teachers Day
- Report on Road Accident
- Report on Accident Report on Car
- Report on Field Visit
- Report on Global Warming
- Report on Social Media
- Report on Sports Day
- Report on Blood Donation Camp
- Report on Fire Accident
- Report on Earthquake
- Report on Diwali Celebrations
- Report on Industrial Visit
- Report on Science Exhibition
Types of Report Writing
Report writing varies widely depending on its purpose and audience. Here are some common types of report writing:
Academic Reports
- Purpose: Analyze or discuss academic topics, report experimental research.
- Characteristics: Clear structure (introduction, body, conclusion), methodology, findings, analysis.
- Examples: Research reports, lab reports, book reviews.
Business Reports
- Purpose: Inform management decisions, present business data, provide recommendations.
- Characteristics: Professional tone, structured, data analysis, conclusions, recommendations.
- Examples: Annual reports, sales reports, financial analysis reports.
Technical Reports
- Purpose: Communicate technical or scientific information.
- Characteristics: Detailed, technical language, graphs/charts, results, conclusions.
- Examples: Engineering reports, scientific study reports, technical evaluation.
Progress Reports
- Purpose: Update on the status of a project or activity.
- Characteristics: Periodic updates, focuses on progress, challenges, future plans.
- Examples: Project status reports, performance reports.
Analytical Reports
- Purpose: Analyze issues/problems, interpret data, provide recommendations.
- Characteristics: Data-driven, analysis, interpretation, conclusions, recommendations.
- Examples: Market analysis reports, policy analysis, feasibility studies.
Formal Reports
- Purpose: Provide thorough, structured information or research.
- Characteristics: Long, detailed, formal structure, extensive appendices.
- Examples: Compliance reports, annual general reports, in-depth research reports.
Informal Reports
- Purpose: Routine internal communication within an organization.
- Characteristics: Shorter, less structured, in forms like memos or emails.
- Examples: Internal updates, brief summaries, memos.
Proposal Reports
- Purpose: Propose plans, projects, ideas, seek approval or persuade.
- Characteristics: Persuasive tone, outlines proposals, benefits, feasibility, implementation steps.
- Examples: Business proposals, research proposals, project proposals.
Each type serves a specific purpose and audience, and the style and format can vary significantly from one type to another. Understanding the specific requirements of the type of report you are writing is crucial for effective communication.
Elements/What to Include in a Report Writing
1. Title Page: Includes the report’s title, the author’s name, date, and other relevant information.
2. Abstract or Executive Summary: A concise overview summarizing the main points, findings, objectives, and conclusions of the report.
3. Table of Contents: Lists all the report’s sections, headings, and subheadings along with their page numbers.
4. Introduction: Introduces the topic, outlines the purpose of the report, and provides background information.
5. Methodology: Describes the methods and procedures used in gathering data or information for the report.
6. Findings or Body: The main part of the report, presenting the data or information found, structured in a logical format with clear headings.
7. Analysis: Involves interpreting the findings, discussing implications, patterns, or problems identified during research.
8. Conclusion: Summarizes the main findings, restating the purpose and highlighting the key points of the report.
1. Formal Report Writing
- Google Docs
- Apple Pages
Size: US, A4
2. Free Annual Report Example
3. Sample Audit Report Example
4. Weekly Status Report Example
5. Annual Financial Report Example
6. Consulting Report Example
7. Free Monthly Report Example
8. Report Writing Examples
lboro.ac.uk
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9. Effective Report Writing Example
Size: 169 KB
10. Sample Business Report Writing Example
wac.colostate.edu
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11. Undergraduate Project Report Writing Example
bradford.ac.uk
Size: 244 KB
12. Scientific Report Writing Example
Size: 206 KB
13. Newspaper Report Writing Example
eastmidlandsnetball.co.uk
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What Is the Purpose of a Report?
There are two purposes of a report that is done in formal writing and these are on information and communication.
With these two hand in hand, one of the contributing effects of the purpose of a report is help you decide on making the right decisions.
Second would be to develop good relationships in your work due to the effective information and communication that has been transmitted by the report example .
Third and last would be the supervising on the acquired information based on the report on whether if it meets the actual standard of the organization.
14. Effective Formal Report Writing Example
life.curtin.edu.au
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15. Basic Audit Report Writing Example
health.govt.nz
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16. Sample Research Report Writing Example
dlsweb.rmit.edu.au
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17. Example Student Report Writing
stat-athens.aueb.gr
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18. Free Technical Report Writing Example
discountpdh.com
Size: 71 KB
19. Free Incident Report Writing Example
miottawa.org
Size: 122 KB
The Difference between Essay and Report Writing
Although they tend to mean the same thing which is to write about a particular topic, they greatly vary in terms of style and content.
Essay Writing: Essay writing is more on dealing with the writers’ own personal opinion and subjective understanding regarding the topic he/she is writing about.
Report Writing: While on the other hand, report writing is more concern with the facts and is well detailed in explaining and delivering the purpose of the information through a systematic and organized way.
How To Write a Report in 7 Steps
Writing a report involves a series of structured steps to ensure clarity, coherence, and effectiveness. Here’s a detailed guide to the process:
1. Understand the Assignment
- Clarify the Purpose: Determine the primary goal of your report – is it to inform, analyze, persuade, or recommend?
- Know Your Audience: Tailor the content, language, and complexity based on who will read the report.
2. Choose and Research Your Topic
- Select a Topic: If not assigned, choose a topic relevant to the report’s purpose.
- Conduct Research: Gather information from reliable sources. Note down important points, data, and references.
3. Create an Outline
- Structure Your Report: Plan the layout with headings and subheadings. Common sections include Introduction, Methodology, Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations.
- Organize Your Points: Arrange your information logically, ensuring a coherent flow.
4. Write the Introduction
- Introduce the Topic: Provide background information and context.
- State the Purpose: Clearly articulate the aim of the report.
- Outline the Structure: Briefly mention how the report is organized.
5. Develop the Body
- Methodology: Explain how you gathered or processed information.
- Findings: Present your data or information clearly, using charts or graphs if necessary.
- Analysis: Interpret the findings, discussing implications or problems.
6. Conclude and Recommend
- Summarize Key Points: Briefly restate the main findings.
- Draw Conclusions: Link the findings back to the report’s purpose.
- Make Recommendations: Suggest possible actions or next steps, if applicable.
7. Revise and Finalize
- Review Content: Check for completeness, accuracy, and clarity.
- Edit for Grammar and Style: Ensure the report is free of grammatical errors and maintains a formal tone.
- Format the Report: Consistently apply formatting rules, and include a title page, contents page, and references.
What are the do’s and don’ts of report writing?
Faq’s, how should i write a report.
To write a report, clarify its purpose, gather relevant information, organize your thoughts logically, use a formal tone, provide clear, concise content, cite sources, and proofread meticulously for accuracy and clarity.
What is simple report writing?
Simple report writing is a concise and straightforward method of conveying information or findings in a clear and direct manner, often without extensive analysis or elaborate formatting.
What should be included in a report?
A report should include a clear purpose, structured sections (introduction, methodology, findings, analysis, recommendations, conclusion), relevant data, citations, visuals (if needed), and adhere to a specific format.
Text prompt
- Instructive
- Professional
Create a report on the annual academic performance of students in middle school
Generate a report summarizing the results of a school-wide survey on student satisfaction with cafeteria food.
- NCERT Solutions
- NCERT Solutions for Class 10
- NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science
- Class 10 Political Science
- Chapter 2 Federalism
NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Political Science (Civics) Social Science Chapter 2 : Federalism
Ncert book solutions for class 10 civics democratic politics – ii chapter 2 federalism – cbse free pdf download.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 explains how power can be distributed to accommodate linguistic and regional diversities. After reading the chapter, students will find questions based on it. So, to help them, we are providing the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 – Federalism. These solutions contain the answers to all the exercise questions created by subject experts. The solutions will also help students to understand the most effective answer-writing skills.
- Chapter 1 Power Sharing
- Chapter 3 Democracy And Diversity
- Chapter 4 Gender Religion And Caste
- Chapter 5 Popular Struggles And Movements
- Chapter 6 Political Parties
- Chapter 7 Outcomes Of Democracy
- Chapter 8 Challenges To Democracy
Download NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Federalism
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 – Federalism
The solutions for Chapter 2 of Democratic Politics-I are given below. Students should also check NCERT Solutions for Class 10 for other subjects.
Exercises Page No. 27
1. Locate the following States on a blank outline political map of India: Manipur, Sikkim, Chhattisgarh and Goa.
2. Identify and shade three federal countries (other than India) on a blank outline political map of the world.
- South Africa
3. Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium.
A feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to that of Belgium – There is power-sharing between the union government and state government.
A feature in the practice of federalism in India that is different from that of Belgium – India has no community government in practice, while Belgium has one.
4. What is the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Explain with an example.
5. State any two differences between the local government before and after the constitutional amendment in 1992.
6. Fill in the blanks:
Since the United States is a ___________________ type of federation, all the constituent States have equal powers and States are ______________vis-à-vis the federal government. But India is a _____________________ type of federation and some States have more power than others. In India, the ____________ government has more powers.
Since the United States is a coming together type of the federation, all the constituent States have equal powers and States are strong vis-à-vis the federal government. But India is a holding together type of federation and some States have more power than others. In India, the central government has more powers.
7. Here are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Give an argument and an example to support any of these positions.
Sangeeta: The policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity.
Arman: the Language-based States have divided us by making everyone conscious of their language.
Harish: This policy has only helped to consolidate the dominance of English over all other languages.
The policy of accommodation mentioned by Sangeeta is a correct reaction to the language policy followed in India. Due to this policy, India stands in unity with states having different languages. Had India not followed the policy of accommodation, several states could have proposed separation from the country.
8. The distinguishing feature of a federal government is:
- The national government gives some powers to the provincial governments.
- Power is distributed among the legislature, executive and judiciary.
- Elected officials exercise supreme power in the government.
- Governmental power is divided between different levels of government
d. Governmental power is divided between different levels of government
9. A few subjects in various Lists of the Indian Constitution are given here. Group them under the Union, State and Concurrent Lists as provided in the table below.
- Agriculture
- Communications
10. Examine the following pairs that give the level of government in India and the powers of the government at that level to make laws on the subjects mentioned against each. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
11. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
12. Consider the following two statements.
- In a federation, the powers of the federal and provincial governments are clearly demarcated.
- India is a federation because the powers of the Union and State Governments are specified in the Constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects.
- Sri Lanka is a federation because the country is divided into provinces.
- India is no longer a federation because some powers of the States have been devolved to the local government bodies.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- A and B only
- B and C only
(c) A and B only
Federalism Summary
Chapter 2 of NCERT Social Science Civics textbook – Democratic Politics-II will introduce students to federalism, which is a power-sharing system between two or more levels of the government. In India, federalism exists. The power is divided amongst three levels – union government, state government and local government. Students will learn the basics of federalism in India with special mention of decentralisation. The local government called the ‘Panchayati Raj’ will be discussed.
The students will also get to know about the following topics:
- What is federalism?
- What makes India a federal country?
- How is federalism practised?
a. Language policy
b. Centre-State relation
4 . Decentralisation in India
‘Democratic Politics-II’ is an important book for Class 10 Social Science subject. Apart from this chapter, the full set of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science is given in the linked article.
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Teachers at most universities seek high-quality assignments. Fortunately, when you seek writing help from us, we ensure that the assignments you submit exhibit in-depth knowledge on the topic. You can hire the same writer to offer well-written papers if you’re satisfied with the first order.
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How do Assignment Writing Service Prices Vary Among Different Providers?
No matter which option you choose, you need to find the best assignment writing service that is reliable. Low-cost websites that have just entered the market won’t have a good collection of samples on complex assignment topics. If they do, there’s a high chance that the content is AI-generated. Such samples are bound to contain lots of grammatical errors and factual inaccuracies. So, you won’t be able to learn anything of use by assessing those samples. Such new websites offering dirt-cheap prices also employ new assignment writers with barely any experience in academic writing. Therefore, they aren’t able to properly identify the challenges that a student can face or come up with an effective solution.
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MyAssignmentHelp.com even has its own referencing tool for students looking for referencing help on their website. These tools are available to everyone for free. It’s no wonder that students find us more approachable since they don't have to upgrade their accounts or pay additional fees just to generate citations. Instead, they can find the tools here –
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Any reliable website will always provide the opportunity for students to check sample solutions. Usually, these samples are readymade questions written by the experts on the website or previous solutions provided to other students. Since you aren’t hiring someone to write these samples, there’s no need to pay to access them. Now, some websites charge students a separate fee to provide full access to their sample database. But MyAssignmentHelp.com provides the assignment service for free.
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Yes, most of the custom assignment writing service websites are confidential and private. However, few low-cost new providers offering assignment writing help may compromise on the data of students as they may sell confidential information for quick money. MyAssignmentHelp.com has 5-layer security and does not store any confidential client data to ensure peace of mind.
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We have been guiding students for over a decade. Out of all online assignment help services that you find online, ours is the most legitimate. You can go through our student testimonials to check their experience. We offer reliable academic support, so you don't have to worry about your assignments. Discretion is our middle name. Once you place your order with us, we maintain complete confidentiality and maintain academic integrity. You won’t find a more legitimate service than ours.
Yes, we allow students to go through our list of expert writers and choose one they think is fit to work on their academic papers. Experts on our team have completed their Master's degrees or Doctorate degrees. Therefore, they are quite capable of handling any kind of assignment. When choosing your online assignment helper, you can check their educational qualifications, sample papers, number of completed orders, and student reviews. These details can help you pick the best scholar from our team to share your specific needs.
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You can choose some of the top-ranking assignment writing services that come up on your search engine when looking for an assignment writer. However, if you want to be sure that you’ll get the best assignment writing service, then MyAssignmentHelp.com is the top choice. This custom assignment writing service only employs human writers to assist students. Therefore, you can be sure that you’ll get AI-free writing that’s free of plagiarism. The website also provides a free plagiarism report when the writers deliver top-quality content that you can check.
Yes, you can pay a skilled writer to help you with your assignment. The final charges usually depend on the service provider. Now, if you’re planning to pay a professional assignment writer, you need to check several things other than the final charges before placing an order, such as –
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- The previous assignment done by the expert
- The online reputation of the service provider
- The writer's response time for query-solving
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The ratings for a custom assignment writing service need to be unbiased and verified. As the assignment writing industry has a low entry barrier, many inexperienced and spammy providers try to influence gullible students by publishing fake reviews and hiring fake influencers to promote their services by making tall claims. These illegitimate sites also fling dirt on reputed and old sites to drive the customers away. Hence it becomes very important to look for old stalwarts of the industry like MyAssignmentHelp.com. The writing service has a 4.9/ 5 rating provided by real customers. These ratings are updated daily.
There are plenty of websites that specialize in writing college essays for students online. Among them, MyAssignmentHelp.com is the top option for reliable essay assignment help. This website might not provide the services for free. However, if you want a sample essay as PDF, they won’t charge you for it. The website offers to write exceptional essays for students. Once the task is complete, the best way for you to access the solution is to download the PDF for free from your account. This is one of the most affordable options for those looking to hire writer services for reliable assignment essay help for peace of mind and the best experience. It’s no wonder that students consider MyAssignmentHelp.com the best service.
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CBSE Notes Class 10 Political Science (Civics) Chapter 2 - Federalism. In Chapter 1, you have learned that the division of power among different levels of government is one of the major forms of power sharing in modern democracies. In this chapter, you will understand the theory and practice of federalism in India.
Social Science Class 10 Important Questions Political Science Chapter 2 Federalism. Very Short Answer Questions (VSA) 1 Mark. Question 1. Question 2. Question 3. Head of Municipal Corporation is a Mayor. Question 4. Besides politics, other factors which keep the federations united are culture, ideology and history.
Federalism Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 2. Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. This vertical division of power among different levels of governments is referred to as federalism. Federalism is one of the major forms of power ...
Science is one of the best subject if comes to score marks. Our experts have prepared Class 10 Science Revision Notes PDF Download from each chapters by covering all the important points.Class 10 Science textbook includes 16 chapters that can be subdivided into five sections, Chemical Substances-Nature and Behaviour, World of Living, Natural Phenomena, Effects of Current and Natural Resources.
2. Identify misinformation News Literacy Project. Now more than ever before, elections are filled with misinformation. Teach students about misinformation and how candidates are using it, how to identify it, and how new technology like AI is changing the information landscape, with resources from the News Literacy Project.
Bond v. United States, 564 U.S. 211 (2011) An individual litigant has standing to challenge a federal statute on grounds of federalism. Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012) An Arizona law that authorizes local law enforcement to enforce immigration laws is preempted by federal law. Arizona law enforcement may inquire about a resident's ...
The first 10 amendments are known as the Bill of Rights. In our Interactive Constitution, learn about the text, history, and meaning of the U.S. Constitution from leading scholars of diverse legal and philosophical perspectives. ... We selected two scholars for each clause with guidance from the American Constitution Society and the Federalist ...
Anti-Federalism was a late-18th-century political movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution.The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, gave state governments more authority. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, Anti-Federalists worried, among other things ...
NCERT solutions for class 12 Chemistry solved by LearnCBSE.in expert teachers from latest edition books and as per NCERT (CBSE) guidelines. The Chemistry NCERT Solutions Class 12 provides extensive step-by-step solutions to diffcult problmes and equations which prepare students to crack difficulty levels in easiest way.
Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Notes PDF Download for FREE. Chapter 2 of Class 10 Civics, titled "Federalism," explores the concept of federalism and its role in India's government. Federalism is a system where power is shared between a central authority and smaller units like states or provinces. This chapter explains how federalism helps manage ...
6. Have a class "snowball fight" Split your class into two teams facing each other. Have each student write three things about themselves and wad it into a snowball, then let the snowball fight commence! Set a time for a few minutes of "fight" time, then have students each grab a snowball and read the items listed, guessing whose paper ...
Studies even suggest that roughly 75% of entrepreneurial ventures fail within 10 years. So does that mean you should just give up? Quite the opposite, really. ... they experience a delay in completing the initial assignment. ... as evidenced by my own transformation from being voted most awkward in my class to writing a book, giving a TED talk ...
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NCERT Book Solutions for Class 10 Civics Democratic Politics - II Chapter 2 Federalism - CBSE Free PDF Download. NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 explains how power can be distributed to accommodate linguistic and regional diversities. After reading the chapter, students will find questions based on it.
The AI Question Creator generates unique questions for any subject, perfect for enhancing in-class assessments instantly.; Group Polling * facilitates peer-to-peer collaboration and consensus building through group-based learning. Students are guided to reach a group consensus and ensure all voices are heard. Polling and Quizzing spark student participation and assess understanding in real-time.
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Federalism Overview In the previous chapter, we noted that vertical division of power among different levels of government is one of the major forms of power-sharing in modern democracies. In this chapter, we focus on this form of power-sharing. It is most commonly referred to as federalism. We begin by describing federalism in general terms.
Will My Assignment Help Do My Assignments for All Genres? MyAssignmentHelp is the #1 assignment service provider in the US that makes the learning process easier with high-quality assignments. The assignment writers use their excellent analytical skills to craft outstanding solutions that will leave all your professors impressed.